Black Sea

Not considering the former USSR, world production of iodine was ca 13,500 metric tons in 1992. Japan provided about 45% of the world total, compared to 44% from Chile and 11% from the United States. An annual output of 2300 t from 1976 to 1979 was estimated by the U.S. Bureau of Mines (66) but was revised to 2000 tons in 1981. No official data are available for the former USSR where iodine production is reported to be produced from iodine—bromine brines. Two areas have been mentioned the Neftechalinki field in the Slavianski-Triotskoe area near the Black Sea, and a plant in the Baku area in Azerbaidzhan on the Caspian Sea where ca 1400 metric tons was estimated for 1990 production. 

A Russian ammonia pipeline of nearly 2400 km extends from Togliatti on the Volga River to the Port of Odessa on the Black Sea, and a 2200-km, 250-mm dia branch line extends from Godovka in the Ukraine to Panioutino. The pipeline is constmcted of electric-resistance welded steel pipe with 7.9-mm thick walls but uses seamless pipe with 12.7-mm thick walls for river crossings. The pipeline is primed and taped with two layers of polyethylene tape and suppHed with a cathodic protection system for the entire pipeline. Mainline operating pressure is 8.15 MPa (1182 psi) and branch-line operating pressure is 9.7 MPa (1406 psi) (11). 

Schwarz-manganerz, n. haiismannlte. -meer, n. Black Sea. -mehl, n, dark-colored flour, esp. rye flour, -ol, n. black oil, specif, a dark, pasty, boiled linseed oil, -pech, n. black pitch, common pitch, -pulver, n. black powder, ... 

Local conditions may modify this profoundly in special areas. In the Arctic and Antarctic, and where there is dilution by large rivers, the salinity may be considerably less, and it may vary greatly according to season. Salinity is well below normal in the Baltic, and may fall nearly to zero at the head of the Gulf of Bothnia. In enclosed seas like the Mediterranean, Black Sea and Red Sea, on the other hand, where there is rapid evaporation, salinity may reach 40 parts per thousand. The total salt content of the inland Dead Sea is 260 g/kg compared to 37 g/kg for the Atlantic Ocean. 

Rudneva-Titova I. 1998. The biochemical effects of toxicants in developing eggs and larvae of Black Sea fish species. Mar Environ Res 46 499-500. 

Anderson RF (1987) Redox behavior of uranium in an anoxic marine basin. Uranium 3 145-164 Anderson RF, Fleisher MQ, LeHuray AP (1989) Concentration, oxidation state, and particulate flux of uranium in the Black Sea. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 53 2215-2224 Back W, Hanshaw BB, Pyler TE, Plummer LN, Weiede AE (1979) Geochemical significance of groundwater discharge in Caleta Xel Ha, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Water Res 15 1521-1535 Barnes CE, Cochran JK (1990) Uranium removal in oceanic sediments and the oceanic U balance. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett 97 94-101... 

The Volga and Kuban river basins, as well as the Azov and Black seas, are the watersheds most seriously contaminated by pesticides in Russia (table 2.3). 

Kuypers, M. et al. (2003). Anaerobic ammonia oxidation by anammox bacteria in the Black Sea. Nature, 422, 608-611... 

Proceedings Monitoring Black Sea Environmental Conditions Editor L. Krueger. Pubhsher The World Federation of Scientists (1999)... 

Ludwig W, Dumont E, Meybeck M, Heussner S (2009) River discharges of water and nutrients to the Mediterranean and Black Sea major drivers for ecosystem changes during past and future decades Prog Oceanogr 80(3—4) 199—217... 

When compared to other cetaceans, PCB residues in blubber of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the Black Sea showed a measurable sexual difference. PCB concentrations were lower in older female porpoises possibly due to lactational transfer to their calves, while in males the PCB concentrations were positively correlated with increasing age (Tanabe et al. 1997). In stellar sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus), the transfer rate of PCBs through lactation was estimated at 80% of the total body PCB burden of adult females (Lee et al. 1996). PCB concentrations in liver of the stellar sea lion from the Bering Sea increased with increasing age and correlated positively with those of blubber (Lee et al. 1996). In ringed seals (Phoca hispida) from the Russian Arctic, lactational transfer of PCBs was estimated at 25% of whole-body burden in the mature female (Nakata et al. 1998), or about one third that of stellar sea lions. In grey seals (Halichoerus... 

Harbor porpoise, Phocoena phocoena Black Sea, Turkey 1993 blubber accidentally drowned in sturgeon trammel nets males vs. females total PCBs Dutch coast 1990-93 found stranded Blubber PCB 77 PCB 126 PCB 169 Maximum values PCBs 31, 50, 207, and 209... 

Tanabe, S., B. Madhusree, A.A. Ozturk, R. Tatsukawa, N. Miyazaki, E. Ozdamar, O. Aral, and O. Samsun. 1997. Persistent organochlorine residues in harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from the Black Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 34 338-347. 

Fair, P.H. 1986. Interaction of benzo[a]pyrene and cadmium on GSH-S-transferase and benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase in the black sea bass Centropristis striata. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 15 257-263. 

Black sea bass, Centropristis striata Muscle Elasmobranchs 6.4 DW 1... 

The main-laying systems are most diverse, - underground, overground, underwater, and water-surface ones. Many of them pass near towns and villages, cross the beds of small and big rivers, including the Dnepr, approach the Black Sea coast. 

Environmental issues have played an important part in the selection of export routes for Caspian oil and gas. As proposed east-west routes have predominated, the environmental health of the Black Sea in general and the Bosporus Straits in particular... 

The Mossynoeci were a people who lived in Asia Minor, on the shores of the Black Sea, again in modern-day Turkey. 

Sayre, E.V., Joel, E.C., Blackman, M.J., Yener, K.A. and Ozbal, H. (2001). Stable lead isotope studies of Black Sea Anatolian ore sources and related Bronze Age and Phrygian artefacts from nearby archaeological sites. Appendix new central Taurus ore data. Archaeometry 43 77-115. 

Kuleff, I., Djingova, R., Alexandrova, A., Yakova, V., and Amov, B. (1995). INAA, AAS and lead isotope analysis of ancient lead anchors from the Black Sea. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 196 65-76. 

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