Black reflector

Hence, in the case of a cryogenic apparatus, e(A) (e = 1 for a black body) must be known in the far infrared and is different from the value in the visible region. However, well-polished metals are usually good reflectors even in the far infrared. 

In 1967, the Soviets discovered the first major hydrate deposit in the permafrost (Makogon, 1987). The hydrate deposit in the Messoyakha field has been estimated to involve at least one-third of the entire gas reservoir, with depths of hydrates as great as 900 m. During the decade beginning in 1969, more than 5 x 109 m3 of gas were produced from hydrates in the Messoyakha field. The information in the Soviet literature on the production of gas from the Messoyakha field is discussed in Chapter 7. Table 7.4 in Chapter 7 also lists other locations in Russia, including the Black Sea, Caspian Sea, and Lake Baikal, where evidence for hydrates has been provided from sample recovery or BSR (bottom simulating reflectors) data. 

Passive FPAs are perhaps the most familiar imaging system architecture because this architecture is used for most optical and IR cameras. In this configuration, an array of small detectors is placed at the focal plane of a lens or reflector system. The received energy in this case is derived from thermal (black-body) emission or reflected radiation from the scene. Thermal emission near room temperature peaks in the long-wave IR... 

Reflectance values on Cobas Ready as on any diffuse reflector are measured as the quantities of light reflected from a reagent layer saturated with a serum sample (/,) or from a white or black reference plate (/ and 4), each normalized to the incident light intensity monitored by the reference photodetector... 

It has been known for some time that for efficiently reducing the reflectance of highly reflective substrate with a complex admittance (i.e. metals, or coated metals, such as an OLED), it is convenient to use simple metal-dielectric AR coatings similar to those used in black absorbers (Dobrowolski, 1981 Lemarquis Marchand, 1999) or heat-reflector in solar-cells applications (Macleod, 1978). This type of coatings has been demonstrated for the contrast-enhancement of electroluminescent (EL) displays (Dobrowolski et al., 1992) and on the cathode side of bottom-emitting OLED (see above) (Krasnov, 2002). 

The most common solar collector is the glass-covered flat plate type. Others include concentrating trough and tube-over-reflector collectors, and parabolic collectors. A flat plate collector uses a flat black absorber plate in a container box. Insulation behind the absorber plate and on the sides of the box reduce heat loss. The glazing may be flat glass, translucent fiberglass or clear plastic, on the sun side of the collector, 1 to 2 inches above the absorber. 

Rhodium-plated reflectors, on account of their resistance to heat and oxidation, are particularly suited for searchlight and cinema projectors. Rhodium black has been used for producing a black colour in the decoration of pottery. 

Imaging system it ordinarily contains little reflector, cutter point, filter, special lens and imaging medium. The cutter point includes black-white and color edge and is the key component of schlieren apparatus. It is parallel to the source slit and is located in the focal plane of reflector. When there is no disturbance in the flow field, if the knife cut off part of the image of the source, light intensity on photographic plane will weaken uniformly. Black and white edge has steel sheet with... 

Black body n. The theory that atoms can exist for a duration solely in certain states, characterized by definite electronic orbits, i.e., by definite energy levels of their extra-nuclear electrons, and in these stationary states they do not emit radiation the jump of an electron from an orbit to another of a smaller radius is accompanied by monochromatic radiation. A black body has an emissivity (cb) of 1, indicating that a black body absorbs then emits all radiation at a wavelength. A black body is the opposite property of a perfect reflector of radiation at a wavelength that absorbs no radiation. Odian GC (2004) Principles of polymerization. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York. 

Ma LL, Zhou YC, Jiang N, Lu X, Shao J, Lu W, Ge J, Ding XM, Hou XY (2006) Wide-band black silicon based on porous silicon. Appl Phys Lett 88 171-907 Mangaiyarkarasi D, Breese MBH, Ow YS (2008) Fabrication of three dimensional porous silicon distribution Bragg reflectors. Appl Phys Lett 93 221-905 Oh J, Yuan HC, Branz HM (2012) An 18.2 % efficient black silicon solar cell achieved through control of carrier recombination in nanostructures. Nat Nanotechnol 7 743-748... 

In order to illustrate the dependence on the variables defined previously, we slightly modify Qarke s method. It is assumed that the source and sample are Lambertian reflectors, that a viewing port in the conic mirror is symmetrically placed with respect to the sample and source, and that the sample area is defined by a perfectly black mask. If this sample area were fully illuminated, the image of the sample would just underfill the source aperture. Under these assumptions, the reflected sample power, as measured through the viewing port, is given by... 

The concrete in re ons such as the bottom comer of the reactor vault will eiience neutron flux from both the side core calculation and the sub core calculation. In order to be able to distinguish between these, it was important in the ade core case not to double count neutrons that will be taken account of in the sub core case. In the side core model therefore, the bottom core reflector region was designated as a black perfect absorber) material. The purpose of this was to eliminate from the side core case, the flux scores due to neutrons which would have penetrated the bottom reflector. This penetration path was evaluated in the sub-core model and the fluxes in the bottom comer regions from the two cases can therefore be summed. 

Kuraray has also produced heat storing fibres which contain 0.5-40% mixtures of Group VIII transition metal oxide and TiOj at l/(0.3-2.0 ratio). Thus, Septon KL 2002 (hydrogenated isoprene-styrene triblock rubber) containing 15% powder FCjO and 15% powder Ti02 as the core and PET as the sheath were spun at core/sheath = 1/3, stretched, and heat-set to give multifilaments (75 denier/24 filaments), which were plain-woven, scoured, dyed in black and irradiated with a reflector lamp for 40 s at inside temperature 20 °C (inside temperature is the temperature of air between the specimen and a heat insulator in a test apparatus). The fabric showed surface temperature of 54.8 °C and inside temperature 33.0 °C immediately after the irradiation, and 22.0 °C and 25.3 °C, respectively, 5 min after the irradiation. 

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