Black and Graphite

Carbon nanotubes, generally in the form of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), may exhibit specific adsorption and electronic properties in comparison with activated carbon, due primarily to their peculiar morphology, the role of defects, the probability of opening or closing of the tubes, and so on [5], which are believed to induce cooperative or synergetic interactions between metal or metal oxide 

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Perhaps the first practical application of carbonaceous materials in batteries was demonstrated in 1868 by Georges Le-clanche in cells that bear his name [20]. Coarsely ground MnO, was mixed with an equal volume of retort carbon to form the positive electrode. Carbonaceous powdered materials such as acetylene black and graphite are commonly used to enhance the conductivity of electrodes in alkaline batteries. The particle morphology plays a significant role, particularly when carbon blacks are used in batteries as an electrode additive to enhance the electronic conductivity. One of the most common carbon blacks which is used as an additive to enhance the electronic conductivity of electrodes that contain metal oxides is acetylene black. A detailed discussion on the desirable properties of acetylene black in Leclanche cells is provided by Bregazzi [21], A suitable carbon for this application should have characteristics that include (i) low resistivity in the presence of the electrolyte and active electrode material, (ii) absorption and retention of a significant... 

In the third paper by French and Ukrainian scientists (Khomenko et al.), the authors focus on high performance a-MnCVcarbon nanotube composites as pseudo-capacitor materials. Somewhat surprisingly, this paper teaches to use carbon nanotubes for the role of conductive additives, thus suggesting an alternative to the carbon blacks and graphite materials - low cost, widely accepted conductive diluents, which are typically used in todays supercapacitors. The electrochemical devices used in the report are full symmetric and optimized asymmetric systems, and are discussed here... 

Fia. 1. Schematic representation of the structure of the particles of carbon black and graphitized carbon black [after Boehm (66)]. The short lines indicate the orientation of the layer planes. 

There are four allotropic forms of manganese, which means each of its allotropes has a different crystal form and molecular structure. Therefore, each allotrope exhibits different chemical and physical properties (see the forms of carbon—diamond, carbon black, and graphite). The alpha (a) allotrope is stable at room temperature whereas the gamma (y) form is soft, bendable, and easy to cut. The delta A allotrope exists only at temperatures above 1,100°C. As a pure metal, it cannot be worked into different shapes because it is too brittle. Manganese is responsible for the color in amethyst crystals and is used to make amethyst-colored glass. 

A similar method for determination of graphite and carbon black is described in Std Methods of Chem Analysis (Ref 3) under the title "Carbon Black and Graphite, Gravimetric". It is not included here because it is assumed that every diem lab has a. copy of Std Methods... 

Reinforcement with carbon black or mineral ingredients is not possible. These reinforcing fillers affect the mechanical strength adversely and do not improve them. However the non-reinforcing fillers such as softer blacks and graphite and ebonite dust increase the resistance of ebonites to acids in an outstanding manner. 

The main types of inorganic sorbents are silica gels, molecular sieves/zeolites, aluminum oxides and magnesium silicates. Carbon-based sorbents include activated charcoals, carbon blacks, graphihzed carbon blacks and graphitized molecular sieves. Styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers, ethylvinylbenzene/divinylbenzene... 

Effect of Carbon Black and Graphite Conductive Additives on the Electrode Parameters... 

Figure 1. Contour plots of IPSD as a function of Sbet for (a) fumed silicas, (b) silica gels and aerogels, and (c) activated carbons, carbon blacks, and graphitized carbons.

The results for the surface fractal dimension of a series of furnace blacks and graphitized blacks, obtained by nitrogen adsorption in the multilayer regime, are summarized in Fig. 11. The cut off lengths are quite similar... 

Fig. 11 Surface fractal dimensions ds on atomic length scales of furnace blacks and graphitized blacks in dependence of specific surface. The data are obtained from nitrogen adsorption isotherms in the multilayer regime...

Carbon The uses of carbon as a catalyst support have recently been discussed. Four broad classes of carbon support must be differentiated, activated charcoals, chemically activated charcoals, carbon blacks, and graphites. 

The experimental observations showed, however, that the situation was more complex than this. For Spheron 6 (a carbon black) and graphite, the following observations were reported. 

Typical fillers glass fiber, wollastonite, titanium dioxide, boric oxide, carbon black and graphite fibers for EMI shielding, molybdenum sulfide, graphite, PTFE... 

These materials mainly include graphites, carbon blacks and graphitized carbon blacks, and are frequently used as standards in adsorption at high and low surface coverage due to the lack of porosity and their homogeneous surfaces [61-64]. For these reasons it is easy to find a relationship, for the adsorption of non-polar molecules (n-alkanes), between the specific retention volumes and a molecular property of the adsorbate such as the polarizability or the molecular volume, and the amount adsorbed, V, which is nor-... 

Carbon Filler - Carbon fillers are a family of fillers based on carbon in various forms, such as carbon black and graphite. It is used as a black pigment, to improve lubricity, and to increase electrical conductivity of plastics. Also called powdered carbon, carbon powder. 

The most thermodynamically stable, and least reactive, form of phosphorus is black phosphorus, which exists as three crystalline (orthorhombic-, rhombohedral- and metallic, or cubic, and one amorphous, allotrope. All are polymeric solids and are practically nonflammable. Both orthorhombic and rhombohedral phosphorus appear black and graphitic, consistent with their layered structures. 

In order to increase the conductivity from polymers, a variety of cmiductive fillers like carbon black and graphite is available for use in plastics. Because of the structure of carbon black, which contains many pores with small mass, conductive paths in the polymer can be obtained with low critical concentration. Graphite as a filler has a laminated structure and similar electrical characteristics as carbon black. 

Fournier, J., G. Lalande, R. Cote, D. Guay, and J.R Dodelet (1997). Activation of various Fe-based precursors on carbon black and graphite supports to obtain catalysts for the reduction of oxygen in fuel cells. J. Electmchem. Soc 144, 218-226. 

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