Electrical similarity

In SmS electrical data exists which possibly could be taken to enumerate the / df gap there as somewhat less than 0.1 eV (7). However small instrinsic gaps are notoriously difficult to evaluate electrically. Similarly single crystal I.R. transmission work yields simply a long featureless tail, extending from the 0.8 eV peak towards... 

T]here is a range of potentials for which a current does not flow across the interface [..., which is] electrically similar to a condenser of large specific capacity. The capacity of this condenser gives a fairly... 

In molten sodium chloride, the rigid lattice structure is broken. The ions that make up the compound are free to move, and they easily conduct electricity. Similarly, when sodium chloride is dissolved, the sodium and chlorine ions are free to move. The solution is a good conductor of electricity, as shown in Figure 3.14. You will learn more about ionic compounds in solution in Chapter 9. 

Q/t is the rate of heat flow or heat current I. The resistance to heat flow R can be written as L/(kA). A little algebra results in AT = IR, an equation similar in form to Ohm s law in electricity. Similar to the rate of fluid flow in an ideal fluid (see Physics Lecture 6) or to the flow of electric current through resistors in series (see Physics... 

Table 3.6 gives numerical values for material quantities, unit costs or credits, and total direct costs or credits involved in each fuel-cycle step and calculates the overall net direct cost for lot 2A as 26.4 million. A total of 27.8 million is paid out for UF and fabrication in transactions 1 and 2 before any revenue is received from the sale of electricity. Because of this delay in receiving revenue, the total fuel-cycle cost includes also charges for carrying the 27.8 million advanced several years before it is recovered through revenue from the sale of electricity. Similarly, there is a financing charge on the net credit of 1.4 million in steps 3 throu 6, delayed until after revenue is received from the sale of electricity. 

Oxidative cyclization of 20 with 4 equivalents of Mn(OAc)3 and 1 equivalent of Cu(OAc)2 afforded 78% of methyl salicylate (21) (52). MnQ[ -mediated electrochemical oxidation of 20 in 4 1 AcOlhEtOH at °C provided only recovered starting material after passage of 4 F/mol of electricity. Similarly, 22, which gave... 

As in conventional chemical reactors, similarity criteria are also employed in the scale-up of electrochemical reactors. Apart from similarities such as geometric similarity, kinematic similarity, and chemical similarity, electrical similarity is a unique criterion in the scale-up of electrochemical cells. It is defined as the condition where geometrically, kinematically, and chemically similar cells have identical cell voltages and current distributions inside the cells. It is also important to note that, although the principles of similarity criteria are the same for chemical and electrochemical reactors, suitable modifications have to be made to obtain electrochemical similarity. 

The criterion for electrical similarity can be stated as follows two similar cells will have identical current distributions if one of the following three parameters is held constant. 

Aluminum is commonly used as a metallization layer in the microelectronics industry. Whitesides and coworkers [471] showed that octadecanephosphonic acid can be patterned on AI2O3/AI by pCP and that patterned structures are electrically similar to samples prepared by conventional photohthography and lift-off. 

Electrochemical reactors, unlike their catalytic counterparts, require electrical similarity. This is often the most important consideration in the scale-up of electrochemical reactors. Considerable attention will be devoted to this... 

Electrical similarity exists between two units when corresponding potential and current density differences bear a constant ratio. The two sizes of cells will require the same cell voltage and current distribution. The criterion often necessitates a constant interelectrode gap on scale-up. A variety of dimensionless groups have been proposed as similarity criteria. One for example is the so-called polarization parameter P, defined as ... 

Adhesive containers should be labeled with the appropriate hazard symbols. In the storage facilities, no ignition sources should be present or allowed to come into contact with the solvents or their fumes, and the generation of sparks should be avoided. Additionally, electrical equipment is required to be explosion proof, and all containers should be earthed. It is also mandatory for personnel to be equipped with safety shoes having conductive soles to minimize the accumulation of static electricity. Similarly, production equipment or vehicles should not generate any sparks. 

Gas, or chemical, corona treatment is electrically similar to corona processes that ionize a process gas other than air, such as nitrogen, to increase the surface tension of primarily non-porous substrates. Because of the potentially lower breakdown voltage of substituted process gases, gas corona treating systems can operate at an electrical voltage much less than 10 kV. 

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