Bismuth tissue

Some elements found in body tissues have no apparent physiological role, but have not been shown to be toxic. Examples are mbidium, strontium, titanium, niobium, germanium, and lanthanum. Other elements are toxic when found in greater than trace amounts, and sometimes in trace amounts. These latter elements include arsenic, mercury, lead, cadmium, silver, zirconium, beryUium, and thallium. Numerous other elements are used in medicine in nonnutrient roles. These include lithium, bismuth, antimony, bromine, platinum, and gold (Eig. 1). The interactions of mineral nutrients with... 

A comparative study was carried out of ashing and atomization techniques in the GFAAS method for direct determination of Pb in bovine liver45. Bismuth nitrate was proposed as matrix modifier for ETAAS determination of Pb in animal tissues LOD 0.9 pg/L46. 

Two bismuth compounds are available bismuth subsalicylate, a nonprescription formulation containing bismuth and salicylate, and bismuth subcitrate potassium. In the USA, bismuth subcitrate is available only as a combination prescription product that also contains metronidazole and tetracycline for the treatment of H pylori. Bismuth subsalicylate undergoes rapid dissociation within the stomach, allowing absorption of salicylate. Over 99% of the bismuth appears in the stool. Although minimal (< 1%), bismuth is absorbed it is stored in many tissues and has slow renal excretion. Salicylate (like aspirin) is readily absorbed and excreted in the urine. 

Warren, H.V., Horksy, S J. and Gould, C.E. (1983) Quantitative analysis of zinc, copper, lead, molybdenum, bismuth, mercury and arsenic in brain and other tissues from multiple sclerosis and non-multiple sclerosis cases. Science of the Total Environment, 29(1-2), 163-69. 

Colloidal bismuth Preparations of this compound effectively heal peptic ulcers. In addition to their antimicrobial actions (see p. 236), they inhibit the activity of pepsin, increase mucus secretion and interact with proteins in necrotic mucosal tissue to coat and protect the ulcer crater. 

The polarographic determination of tin has been carried out in various foods the content of bismuth, antimony and arsenic has been measured mainly in blood, urine and tissues (see [3]). 

Samuel, D., Boboc, B., Bernuau, J., Bismuth, H., Benhamou, J.R Liver transplantation for protoporphyria. Evidence for the predominent role of the erythropoetic tissue in protoporphyria overproduction. Gastroenterology 1988 95 816-819... 

Gregus and Klaassen carried out a comparative study of fecal and urinary excretion and tissue distribution of eighteen metals in rats after intravenous injection. Total (fecal + urinary) excretion was relatively rapid (over 50% of the dose in 4 days) for cobalt, silver and manganese between 50 and 20% for copper, thallium, bismuth, lead, cesium, gold, zinc, mercury, selenium and chromium and below 20% for arsenic, cadmium, iron, methylmercury and tin. Feces was the predominant route of excretion for silver, manganese, copper, thallium, lead, zinc, cadmium, iron and methylmercury whereas urine was the predominant route of excretion of cobalt, cesium, gold, selenium, arsenic and tin. Most of the metals reached the highest concentration in liver and kidney. However, there was no... 

The specific cytotoxicity of Bi-anti-Tac has been blocked by excess of unlabelled anti-Tac but not by human IgG. Anti-Tac alone is unable to inhibit the proliferation or protein synthesis of most leukemic T-cell lines . Toxins conjugated to anti-Tac bound to the surface of the leukemic cells are poorly and slowly internalized into endosomes, and toxin conjugate of anti-Tac does not pass easily from endosome vehicles to the cytosol in order to kill the cells.a-Particles emitted from bismuth-212bound to the surface of the leukemic cells are much more effective cytotoxic reagents. Hits of one or two a-particles are sufficient for cell inactivation. The one-hour half-life of Bi makes it appropriate for rapid targetting of leukemic cells without prolonged exposure of the normal tissue. 

Internally deposited naturally occurring radionuclides also contribute to the natural radiation dose from inhalation and ingestion of these materials when contained in air, food, and water. Included are radionuclides of lead, polonium, bismuth, radium, potassium, carbon, hydrogen, uranium, and thorium. Potassium-40 is the most prominent radionuclide in normal foods and human tissues. The dose to the total body from these internally deposited radionuclides has been estimated to be 39mremyear. ... 

Many types of bismuth mineral salts (e.g., bismuth subsalicylate) are generally multipurpose intestinal medicinal agents. As an antisecretory agent, bismuth subsalicylate coats and protects irritated and inflamed intestinal lumen tissue (antiulcer actions), decreases the secretion of fluid into the intestine, absorbs or neutralizes bacterial toxins, inhibits any bacterial activity (antidiarrhea actions), and also increases alkaline secretion to counteract any acid production (antacid action). Thus, this agent controls the frequent voluminous loss of watery stools while relieving intestinal cramping and irritation. 

The diagnosis of HP infection can be made using endoscopic or nonendoscopic tests (Table 33-6). The tests that require upper endoscopy are more expensive, uncomfortable, and require a mucosal biopsy for histology, culture, or detection of urease activity. Recommendations to maximize the diagnostic yield include taking at least three tissue samples from specific areas of the stomach, as patchy distribution of HP infection can lead to false-negative results. Because certain medications may decrease the sensitivity of these tests, antibiotics and bismuth salts should be withheld for 4 weeks and PPIs for 1 to 2 weeks prior to endoscopic testing. 

Xtudies have indicated that bismuth may be not without toxic side-effects R. Pamphlett, G. Danscher, J. Rungby and M. Stoltenberg (2000) Environmental Research Section A, vof 82, p. 258 - Tissue uptake of bismuth from shotgun pellets . 

Bismuth absorption through the skin is of interest in relation to the use of its compounds in oil-based cosmetics. Toxic symptoms have been reported (Kruger et al. 1976), but normally these are minimal. The efficacy of intramuscular injections of bismuth depends on the solubility of the compounds in both body water and tissues. Water-soluble compounds are readily absorbed within 24-48 hours (Prino and Klantschnigg 1960) hence, bismuth thio-glycollate, which is both water- and tissue-soluble, is rapidly absorbed. Oil suspensions of insoluble bismuth compounds are often precipitated locally, and this may cause a foreign body reaction and/or abscess formation, though the same effect can occur with water-soluble compounds. 

The body burden of bismuth is very low the daily oral intake of Bi, combined with inhalational intake, is estimated at 5-20 jg (Tsalev and Zaprianov 1983). Bismuth is one of the trace elements present in tissues, with relatively high levels being found in the nucleus ruber (Leonov 1956). Following its absorption, bismuth is found in all tissues, though no relationship between tissue concentration and therapeutic effect has yet been established. It is... 

There exist no reliable criteria to define Bi absorption, but possible criteria are blood and plasma levels or daily urinary excretion. Blood levels of Bi > 300 pg L are diminished by hemodialysis in vitro, and this may be explained by there being two different forms of bismuth, namely soluble and bound (Allain 1976). Monitoring of Bi treatments should also include the determination of Bi in whole blood as well as in plasma (Rao and Feldman 1990). Bismuth administered subcutaneously to rats as BiClj is deposited in the kidneys, which were found to contain > 50% of the accessible pool of bismuth. Retention in the kidneys was diminished, while levels in liver and 12 other tissues were augmented (Jad-wiga et al. 1979). 

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