Bismuth hydroxides

Bismuth trioxide may be prepared by the following methods (/) the oxidation of bismuth metal by oxygen at temperatures between 750 and 800°C (2) the thermal decomposition of compounds such as the basic carbonate, the carbonate, or the nitrate (700—800°C) (J) precipitation of hydrated bismuth trioxide upon addition of an alkah metal hydroxide to a solution of a bismuth salt and removal of the water by ignition. The gelatinous precipitate initially formed becomes crystalline on standing it has been represented by the formula Bi(OH)2 and called bismuth hydroxide [10361 -43-0]. However, no definite compound has been isolated. 

Willis 93) extracted lead directly from 200 ml of urine with APDC into 1.5 ml of methyl-n-amyl ketone. He was able to determine as little as 0.02 ppm of lead. Kopito and Shwachman 141>, on the other hand, co-precipitate the lead from urine with bismuth nitrate by adding ammonia. The precipitated bismuth hydroxide is dissolved in acid and this solution is aspirated. Coprecipitation of the lead is not quantitative, and so standards should be prepared in the same manner. It should be possible to employ this procedure with protein free filtrates of blood without the necessity of close pH control. 

Abstract Several bismuth-catalyzed synthetic reactions, which proceed well in aqueous media, are discussed. Due to increasing demand of water as a solvent in organic synthesis, catalysts that can be used in aqueous media are becoming more and more important. Although bismuth Lewis acids are not very stable in water, it has been revealed that they can be stabilized by basic ligands. Chiral amine and related basic ligands combined with bismuth Lewis acids are particularly useful in asymmetric catalysis in aqueous media. On the other hand, bismuth hydroxide is stable and works as an efficient catalyst for carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions in water. 

Discovery of water-compatible Lewis acids has greatly expanded the use of Lewis acids in organic synthesis in aqueous media. However, conventional Lewis acids such as Alm, Tifv, Snfv, etc. still cannot be used in aqueous media under standard conditions. Bismuth triflate, Bi(OTf>3, is reported to exist in water as an equilibrium mixture of Bi(OTf)3 with bismuth hydroxide and triflic acid [18]. 

Bismuth hydroxide is used as an absorbent and in the hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid. It also is used in the isolation of plutonium from irradiated uranium. 

Bismuth hydroxide is precipitated hy adding sodium hydroxide to a solution of bismuth nitrate. 

Bi(N03)3 reacts with sodium hydroxide to form bismuth hydroxide, Bi(OH)3 ... 

Bismuth trioxide is commercially made from bismuth subnitrate. The latter is produced by dissolving bismuth in hot nitric acid. Addition of excess sodium hydroxide followed by continuous heating of the mixture precipitates bismuth trioxide as a heavy yellow powder. Also, the trioxide can be prepared by ignition of bismuth hydroxide. 

Precipitate bismuth hydroxide, and introduce it into a sodium stannite solution. What happens Write the equations of the reactions. What properties of tin(II) compounds are indicated by this reaction ... 

Compare the acid-basic, reducing, and oxidizing properties of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth hydroxides. 

Pour the solution saved from Experiment 3 over a little bismuth hydroxide on a filter paper. (The bismuth hydroxide can be precipitated for the occasion.) Compare the action with that of stannous chloride on mercuric chloride. 

In accordance with the above directions, sodium carbonate is used to precipitate bismuth hydroxide. Why should not the precipitate be bismuth carbonate ... 

Potassium cyanide (POISON) white precipitate of bismuth hydroxide. The reaction is a hydrolysis ... 

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by intraperitoneal route. Human systemic effects by ingestion fever, osteomalacia, and gastrointestinal effects. When coprecipitated with bismuth hydroxide and reduced by Ha, it is violendy flammable in air. Incompatible with chlorinated rubber. 

Derivation By treating freshly prepared bismuth hydroxide with salicylic acid. 

Derivation From freshly prepared bismuth hydroxide and tannin. 

Derivation Heating bismuth nitrate in air, ignition of bismuth hydroxide. 

Bismuth compounds were added to some of the previous samples. These modifications consisted of an impregnation of bismuth salt or of a precipitation of bismuth hydroxide over the [ nickel-molybdenum] solids. 

Effects of Ion Trapping Agents. The effects of ion trapping agents were studied in experiments that used a Teflon vessel and gas analysis by GC-MS. Table III shows the results. The ion trapping agents that were used in this experiment were bismuth hydroxides. 

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