Birtli

Hazard identification is defined as tlie process of determining whetlier human exposure to an agent could cause an increase in the incidence of a health condition (cancer, birtli defect, etc.) or whetlier exposure to nonliumans, such as fish, birds, and otlier fonns of wildlife, could cause adverse effects. Hazard identification cliaracterizes tlie liazard in terms of tlie agent and dose of the agent. Since tliere are few hazardous chemicals or hazardous agents for wliich definitive exposure data in humans exists, tlie identification of health hazards is often characterized by the effects of health hazards on laboratory test animals or other test systems. ... 

WEI H, TYE L, BRESMiK E and BiRT D F (1990) Inhibitory effect of apigenin, a plant flavonoid, on epidermal ornilthine decarboxylase and skin tumor promotion in mice . Cancer Res, 50, 499-502. 

BiRT D F, HENDRicH s and WANG w (2001) Dietary agents in cancer prevention flavonoids and iso flavonoids. Pharmacol Then 90 (2-3) 157-77. 

D. F. Birt, B. Walker, M. G. Tibbels, and E. Bresnick, Anti-mutagenesis and antipromotion by apigenin, robinctin and indole-3-carbinol. Car.sinogenesis 7 959 (1986). 

Wang W, VanAlstyne PC, Irons KA, Chen S, Stewart JW and Birt DF. 2004. Individual and interactive effects of apigenin analogs on G2/M cell-cycle arrest in human colon carcinoma cell lines. Nutr Cancer 48(1) 106—114. 

CAROL STOCKING, BIRTE NIEBUHR MEIKE EISCHER MAIKE TAGER JORG CAMMENGA ... 

Birt DF, Widrlechner MP, Hammer KD, Hillwig ML, Wei J, Kraus GA, Murphy PA, McCoy J, Wurtele ES, Neighbors ID, Wiemer DF, Maury ES, Price JP. (2009) Hypericum in infection Identification of anti-viral and antiinflammatory constituents. Pharm Biol 47 774-782. 

Birt, D.F., Hendrich, S., and Wang, W.Q., Dietary agents in cancer prevention flavonoids and... 

Kinzer G, Riggin R, Bishop T, Birts MA, Howard CC. 1984. EPA Method Study 19, Method 609 (Nitroaromatics and Isophorone). Govt Reports Announcements Index, Issue 16, 77 pages. 

Bunn, M. Birtli of tlie Beiylliuiu Baby. Techy. Rev. (MIT), 75 (Augusl/Seplembei... 

Birt, D.F., Hendrich, S., and Wang, W. 2001. Dietary agents in cancer prevention Flavonoids and isoflavonoids. Pharmacol. Ther. 90.157-177. Coward, L., Baines, N.C., Setchell, K.D.R., and Barnes, S. 1993. Genistein, daidzein, and their P-glucoside conjugates Antitumor isoflavones in soybean foods from American and Asian diets. 

The quaternization method is also highlighted by the short asymmetric synthesis of cell adhesion molecule BIRT-377 (Scheme 5.24), which is a potent inhibitor of the interaction between intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) [16]. Thus, asymmetricp-bromobenzylation of the alanine derivative 42 (R1 = Me) with (S)-18 under similar phase-transfer conditions as described above gave rise to p-bromobenzylalanine ester 10 in 97% ee (83% yield). A similar asymmetric p-bromobenzylation of alanine ethyl ester 42 (R1 = Me, R= Et) gave the amino ester 47 (R= Et) in 90% ee (86% yield). The amino ester 47 (R = t-Bu or Et) was treated with 3,5-dichlorophenyl isocyanate in the presence of sodium carbonate in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to furnish the hydantoin 48 in 86%... 

Selenium has been reported to have a positive, enhancing effect (42) or an inverse correlation between the intake of selenium and colon cancer (43,44). Birt et al (45) have reported inhibition of colon cancer in rats by dietary selenium. 

The same authors have shown that the direct a-amination reaction could also be used to construct the quaternary stereocenter in the enantioselective total synthesis of the cell-adhesion inhibitor BIRT-377 [7b]. The i-proline-derived tetrazole 3c catalyzed the direct a-amination of 3-(4-bromophenyl)-2-methylpropanal 8 with dibenzyl azodicarboxylate 2b to give the amino aldehyde 9 in 95% yield and with... 

Scheme 2.29 The application of organocatalytic enantioselective a-amination reaction of 3-(4-bromophenyl)-2-methylpropanal 8 for the total synthesis of the optically active cell-adhesion inhibitor BIRT-377 [7b].

Checked by Max Tisheer, Barbara P. Birt, and Arthur A. Patchett. 

SCHEME 91. The self-regeneration of stereocenters (SRS) strategy applied to the synthesis of BIRT-377 precursor442... 

Diane F. Birt, Weiqun Wang, Nancy Paiva, Angela An, Chilly Chung, Laura Schmitt, and Yu Jiang... 

Birt, D.R, Walker, B., Tibbels, M.G., and Bresnick, E., Anti-mutagenesis and antipromotion by apigenin, robinetin and indole-3-carbinol, Carcinogenesis, 1, 959-963, 1986. 

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