Biotic ligand model applicability

Campbell, P. G. C., Errecalde, O., Fortin, C., Hiriart-Baer, W. R. and Yigneault, B. (2002). Metal bioavailability to phytoplankton - applicability of the biotic ligand model, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C, 133, 189-206. 

Santore, R. C., Di Toro, D. M., Paquin, P. R., Allen, H. E. and Meyer, J. S. (2001). Biotic ligand model of the acute toxicity of metals. 2. Application to acute copper toxicity in freshwater fish and Daphnia, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 20, 2397-2402. 

Mathew, R., Wu, KB. and Santore, R.C. (2005) Predicting sediment metal toxicity using a sediment biotic ligand model methodology and initial application. Environ Toxicol Chem, 24,... 

Thakali S, Allen HE, Di Toro DM, Ponizovsky AA, Rooney CP, Zhao F-J, McGrath SP. 2006b. A terrestrial biotic ligand model. 1. Development and application to Cu and Ni toxicities to barley root elongation in soils. Environ Sci Technol 40 7085-7093. 

Most of the work on the individual tolerance concept has focused on organic chemicals. One of the reasons may be that for metals a CBR on a whole body basis has only limited applicability. Due to compartmentalization of metals in the body and the presence of regulation and detoxification mechanisms, it is unlikely that the total body residue is simply related to toxicity (see, e.g., Lock and Janssen 2001 Vijver et al. 2004). The biotic ligand models (BLMs) assume a critical level of metal accumulation at the biotic ligand and do not include a time aspect, although more TD-like approaches have been suggested (Paquin et al. 2002b). 

Santore, R.C. and Di Toro, D.M. et al (1999). A biotic ligand model of the acute toxicity of metals. II. Application to fish and daphnia exposure to copper. Environ. Tox. Chem. Submitted... 

Paquin, P.R., DiToro, D.M., Santore, R.C., Trivedi, D. and Wu, K.B. (1999) A Biotic Ligand Model of the acute toxicity of metals. III. Application to fish and Daphnia exposure to sediments. In Integrated Approach to Assessing the Bioavailability and Toxicity of Metals in Surface Waters and Sediments, Section 3 pp. 3-59-3-102. USEPA Science Advisory Board, Office of Water, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC. 

Antunes, P.M., E.J. Beikelaar, D. Boyle, et al. 2006. The biotic ligand model for plants and metals Technical challenges for field application. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 25 875-882. 

Kamo, M., and T. Nagai. 2008. An application of the biotic ligand model to predict the toxic effects of metal mixtnres. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 27 1479-1487. 

Natale, O.E., C.E. Gomez, and M.V. Leis. 2007. Application of the biotic ligand model for regulatory purposes to selected rivers in Argentina with extreme water-quality characteristics. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag. 3 517-528. 

---