Biotic ligand model basis

DiToro, D.M., Allen, H.E., Bergman, H.L., Meyer, J.S., Paquin, P R. and Santore, R.C. (2000) A biotic ligand model of the acute toxicity of metals. 1. Technical basis, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20, 2383-2396. 

Di Toro DM, Allen HE, Bergman HL, Meyer JS, Paquin RR, Santore RC. 2001a. Biotic ligand model of the acute toxicity of metals. I. Technical basis. Environ Toxicol Chem 20 2383-2396. 

Most of the work on the individual tolerance concept has focused on organic chemicals. One of the reasons may be that for metals a CBR on a whole body basis has only limited applicability. Due to compartmentalization of metals in the body and the presence of regulation and detoxification mechanisms, it is unlikely that the total body residue is simply related to toxicity (see, e.g., Lock and Janssen 2001 Vijver et al. 2004). The biotic ligand models (BLMs) assume a critical level of metal accumulation at the biotic ligand and do not include a time aspect, although more TD-like approaches have been suggested (Paquin et al. 2002b). 

Di Toro D. M., Allen H. E., Bergman H. L., Meyer J. S., Paquin P. R., and Santore R. C. (2001) Biotic ligand model of acute toxicity of metals I. Technical basis. Envron. Toxicol. Chem. 20, 2383-2396. 

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