Biotechnology synthesis

The biotechnological synthesis of lactones has reached a high standard. Besides microbial production, lactones can also be enzymatically produced. For instance, a lipase-catalysed intramolecular transesterification of 4-hydroxy-carboxylic esters leads enantioselectively (ee>80%) to (S)-y-lactones the chain length may vary from C5 to Cl 1 [13]. y-Butyrolactone can be produced in that way with lipase from Mucor miehei [30]. 

A problem in the biotechnological synthesis of indigo is the disposal of the large amounts of biomass produced. Application as a fertilizer is not yet a ready option, because of the possible liberation of genetically modified microorganisms. Alternative disposal methods, such as an efficient clarification plant or incineration, are associated with additional costs. 

Many preparations are available for the treatment of diabetics with insulin. Rittel et al.128) described total synthesis of human insulin in 1974. Since that time new ways of obtaining insulin have been developed, namely the E. Lilly Co. biotechnological synthesis by genetically modified microorganisms l29) (DNA recombination)... 

I. Use of liquid chromatography-diode-array detection and mass spectrometry for rapid product identification in biotechnological synthesis of a chiral steroid. 

II. Guidelines for analytical method development and validation of biotechnological synthesis of drugs. Production of a chiral steroid as model. 

RPLC is the most common technique for small organic molecules. It is also a powerful tool for preparative peptide separations, but is less common for protein purification, because it is often associated with protein denatura-tion. Nevertheless, there are successful examples of large-scale protein purification by RPLC [99], In this thesis the substances used and produced in the biotechnological synthesis, in papers I and II, were small molecules (Mw < 1000) and therefore belong to a sample class for which RPLC is the dominant separation technique. 

There are no detailed recommendations for analytical quantification procedures in the field of biotechnological production of drugs, in contrast to the recommendation made by the FDA [16] for bioanalytical methods. The aim of this paper was therefore to investigate whether the latter detailed guidelines (given by the FDA for bioanalytical methods) also could be used in the field of biotechnological synthesis. Validated methods for quantification are important also in biotechnological synthesis for the proper calculation of rate coefficients. 

The biotechnological field is growing fast and has generated a cumulative demand for analytical methods and analytical thinking. Paper I in this thesis demonstrates rapid and simple methods for preliminary identification in biotechnological synthesis without a priori reference material. The possibility to stop a synthesis immediately if the results are not satisfied, also in cases when the product is not available, is of large economical interest. 

For biotechnological synthesis, there is a superb database containing information on miaobial biocatalytic reactions and biodegradation pathways for primarily xenobiotic, chemical componnds. It is called the University of Minnesota Biocatalysis/Biodegradation Database (UM-BBD) at can be fonnd at http //nmbbd.ahc.umn.edu/search/index.html. The goal of the UM-BBD is to provide information on microbial enzyme-catalyzed reactions that are important for biotechnology. 

A deterministic mathematical model for simulating the biotechnological synthesis of acrylic acid was developed in a previous study [3] to explore an alternative process. The proposed... 

Die technologies and materials for creating nanodevices are increasingly applicable both in tlie realm of microelectronic manufactiuing and chemical as well as biotechnological synthesis. 

Tlie scale-up of chemical and biotechnological synthesis (from automated synthesis, laboratory synthesis to pilot production and full-scale commercial production) is gaining increasing importance due to the required speed of development, the increasing complexity of the molecules (APIs) and the expanding technological repertoire being applied. 

---