Chemical-Biotechnological Syntheses

Based on the stereoselectivity of immunoglobulins, a new chiral sensor for the detection of low-molecular-weight analytes was developed. Using surface plasmon resonance detection, enantiomers of free, underivatized a-amino acids can be monitored in a competitive assay by their interaction with antibodies specific for the chiral center of this class of substances. The sensitivity to the minor enantiomer in non-racemic mixtiues exceeds cunently available methods therefore, such immuuoseusors can readily detect traces of enantiomeric impurities and are attractive for a range of applications in science and industry. 

Membranes and biotechnological tools can be used for improving traditional production systems to maintain the sustainable growth of society and industry. Typical examples include new and improved foodstuffs, in which the desired nutrients are maintained during thermal treatment, novel pharmaceutical products with defined enantiomeric compositions and the treatment of wastewater, wherein pollution by traditional processes is problematic. 

Biocatalytic membrane reactors combine selective mass transport with chemical reactions and the selective removal of products from the reaction site increases the conversion of product-inhibited or thermodynamically unfavorable reactions. Membrane reactors using biological catalysts can be used in production, processing and treatment operations. Recent advances towards environmentally friendly technologies make these membrane reactors pai ticulaiiy attractive because they do not require additives, are able to function at moderate temperatures and pressrue, and reduce the formation of by-products. The catalytic action of enzymes is extremely efficient and selective compared with chemical catalysts. Uiese enzymes demonstrate higher reaction rates, milder reaction conditions and greater stereospecificity. 

Food Proteases and lipases To intensify flavor and accelerate the aging process 

Fruit juices Pectinases To improve fruit-juice extraction and reduce juice viscosity 

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For biotechnological synthesis, there is a superb database containing information on miaobial biocatalytic reactions and biodegradation pathways for primarily xenobiotic, chemical componnds. It is called the University of Minnesota Biocatalysis/Biodegradation Database (UM-BBD) at can be fonnd at http //nmbbd.ahc.umn.edu/search/index.html. The goal of the UM-BBD is to provide information on microbial enzyme-catalyzed reactions that are important for biotechnology. 

Die technologies and materials for creating nanodevices are increasingly applicable both in tlie realm of microelectronic manufactiuing and chemical as well as biotechnological synthesis. 

Tlie scale-up of chemical and biotechnological synthesis (from automated synthesis, laboratory synthesis to pilot production and full-scale commercial production) is gaining increasing importance due to the required speed of development, the increasing complexity of the molecules (APIs) and the expanding technological repertoire being applied. 

Porous Carbon Materials from Sustainable Precursors 33 Heterogeneous Catalysis for Today s Challenges Synthesis, Characterization and Applications 34 Chemical Biotechnology and Bioengineering 35 Microwave-Assisted Polymerization... 

The conventional process for the production of 4000 tons/year of vitamin B2 (riboflavin) consists of eight chemical and biochemical steps. The first step is a fermentation using Bacillus bacteria. A biotechnological synthesis of riboflavin in a single fermentation step with the help of bacteria, yeast, or fungi (Roche, ADM, and BASF, respectively) has reduced the production cost by 40%. The... 

Asakawa Y (2011) Bryophytes chemical diversity, synthesis and biotechnology. A review. Flavour Fragr J 26 318-320... 

Aresta M, Tommasi L Dileo C, Dibenedetto A, Narracci M (2001) Biotechnological synthesis of 4-OH benzoate mediated by a phenylphosphate-carboxylase enzyme 221st National Meeting, American Chemical Society, San Diego, CA, April 1-5, Inorganic division. Abstract tT 581... 

Biotechnological production of vitamins using LAB as an alternative to chemical vitamin synthesis has been under study for more than a decade (Taranto et al. 2003 De Angelis et al. 2014 see also... 

A stereospecific amidase from Comamonas acidovorans A18 was used for the biotechnological synthesis of (S)-dimethylcyclopropane carboxamide, which is employed as a precursor for the synthesis of the dihydropeptidase inhibitor Cilastin [89]. The (/ )-acid was chemically recycled to the racemic amide (Fig. 32). The amidase gene was cloned into a faster growing E. coli strain leading to a constitutive enzyme expression and a shortened fermentation process. 

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