Microorganisms biotechnological production

Steinbuchel, A. and Lutke-Eversloh, T. 2003. Metabolic engineering and pathway construction for biotechnological production of relevant polyhydroxyalkanoates in microorganisms. Biochemical Engineering Journal 16 81-96. 

Lee, P. and Schmidt-Dannert, C., Metabolic engineering towards biotechnological production of carotenoids in microorganisms, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. V60, 1, 2002. 

Marasco, E. and C. Schmidt-Dannert (2003). Towards the biotechnological production of aroma and flavor compounds in engineered microorganisms. Appl. Biotechnol. Food Sci. Pol. 1(3) 145-157. 

Apart from microorganisms themselves and enzymes, their main metabolites, also other metabilites (toxins, neurotoxins, and inhibitors) have allergenic properties (Table 14.1.3). A wide use of nonpathogenic mold fungi in biotechnological production is related to, among others, the fact that they produce many valuable metabolites. 

The fundamental method of biotechnological production can be explained by the ability of certain microorganisms to produce PHAs when nutrients are limited and carbon sources are available. The growth of the microorganisms can be limited by the depletion of an essential nutrient such as N2,02, P, S, or Mg. The intracellular... 

In February 1985, the Cornell University Ecosystems Research Center issued one of the first comprehensive overviews of what was possible and what was lacking to adequately assess the environmental risks of new biotechnology products. The findings of that report are still quite remarkable, and underscore how little we know about microorganisms—how they survive, how they are dispersed in the environment, why some grow rapidly, and why others do not. 

In general, three major biotechnological methods are used in the production of natural flavors use of enzymes, microorganisms, and of plant tissue or cell cultures (32-34). In the following, the use of these techniques for the biotechnological production of C 13-compounds will be discussed. 

Key Words Biotechnology carotene microorganism pigment production properties. 

Lee P C, Schmidt-Dannert C (2002). Metabolic engineering towards biotechnological production of carotenoids in microorganisms. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 60 1-11. Westers L, Westers H, Quax W J (2004). Bacillus subtilis as cell factory for pharmaceutical proteins A biotechnological approach to optimize the host organism. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1694 299-310. 

All industrial biotechnological production processes use complex cultivation media which consist of agricultural by-products (beet or cane molasses, corn-steep liquor, cottonseed meal, whey permeate, peanut floiu-, soybean meal, distillation residues, etc.). In addition polysaccharides (starch, dextrose, malt extract, maltodextrins, etc.) and proteins (e.g. caseinate, yeast autolysates, etc.) are used as energy sources for the microorganisms and cells. These systems... 

Initially, P. putida strains were evaluated as degrader for aromatic xenobi-otics in bioremediation processes [38, 128, 129], as plant-growth promoting microorganism [130], as well as biocontrol agent [131]. Today, P putida is regarded as an efficient producer for biotechnological production of a broad portfolio of biopolymers, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals [11]. However, most... 

F. Oppermann-Sanio, A. Steinbiichel, Occurrence, functions and biosynthesis of polyamides in microorganisms and biotechnological production, Naturwissenschaften 89 (2002) 11-22. 

---