Biosensor tissue

Biosensor-tissue compatibility is a significant obstacle in the development of viable, enduring implantable biosensors.1,2 The clinical literature and product development files in industry are littered with biosensor failures in many different sites and... 

Potential applications of peptide-polymer conjugates include drug delivery materials, optoelectronics, biosensors, tissue scaffolds, tissue replacement materials, hydrogels, adhesives, biomimetic polymers, lithographic masks, and templates for metallic or silica nanostructures. 

Slices and other parts of tissues of animal or plant origin are the most complex biosystems so far applied in biosensors. Tissues containing large amounts of the enzymes of interest have been deliberately used. An overview of tissue-based sensors is given in Table 18. 

Biocomponent or affinity ligand enzyme electrode, whole cell biosensor, tissue-based electrode, bacterial electrode, yeast probe, imunoelectrode, affinity electrode, receptrode, DNA-probe... 

Materials for improved point of care biosensor-tissue interfaces... 

Keywords Guar gum, drug delivery, biosensors, tissue engineering, wound healing... 

Potcntiomctric Biosensors Potentiometric electrodes for the analysis of molecules of biochemical importance can be constructed in a fashion similar to that used for gas-sensing electrodes. The most common class of potentiometric biosensors are the so-called enzyme electrodes, in which an enzyme is trapped or immobilized at the surface of an ion-selective electrode. Reaction of the analyte with the enzyme produces a product whose concentration is monitored by the ion-selective electrode. Potentiometric biosensors have also been designed around other biologically active species, including antibodies, bacterial particles, tissue, and hormone receptors. 

The current trend in analytical chemistry applied to evaluate food quality and safety leans toward user-friendly miniaturized instruments and laboratory-on-a-chip applications. The techniques applied to direct screening of colorants in a food matrix include chemical microscopy, a spatial representation of chemical information from complex aggregates inside tissue matrices, biosensor-based screening, and molec-ularly imprinted polymer-based methods that serve as chemical alternatives to the use of immunosensors. 

Biocatalytic membrane electrodes have an ISE or a gas sensing electrode in contact with a thin layer of biocatalytic material, which can be an immobilized enzyme, bacterial particles or a tissue slice, as shown in Fig. 3 The biocatalyst converts substrate (the analyte) into product, which is measured by the electrode. Electrodes of this type are often referred to as biosensors . 

Tissue-Based Biosensors (Oregon State University, Stanford University)... 

Enzyme electrodes belong to the family of biosensors. These also include systems with tissue sections or immobilized microorganism suspensions playing an analogous role as immobilized enzyme layers in enzyme electrodes. While the stability of enzyme electrode systems is the most difficult problem connected with their practical application, this is still more true with the bacteria and tissue electrodes. 

Taken together, the field is now well placed to design new biosensors, examine protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions, and sensitively determine protein conformation in living tissues at submicron resolution. These interactions are either impossible or extraordinarily difficult to examine in other ways, and the subcel-lular resolution of FRET-FLIM that allows detection of interactions in specific subcellular compartments may provide insight that... 

The cholinesterase to determine the toxic activity may be chosen (i) in pure form of commercial enzyme from animals in a water buffer solution or using biosensors, enzyme preparation impregnated into a rigid matrix that significantly activates the enzymic activity and (ii) in the form of crude extracts from plant or animal tissues. 

Principle Biosensors consist of paper matrixes and tissue enzyme preparations, often the pure enzyme AChE or AChE-containing cells. As seen in Fig.l, main scheme of the preparation technology and procedure includes (i) the preparation of same kinds of biotests-biosensors, which are paper matrixes impregnated with tissue preparation of AChE and covered by polymer film. (ii) biochemical reactions of the AChE activity with and without inhibitors tested and (iii) the photometric analysis of the samples for quantitative estimation of the biochemical reactions. 

Budantsev, A. Yu., Litvinova, E.G. and Kovaleva, M.A. (1998). Biosensors on the basis of tissue enzyme preparations. Sensors Systems (Russian) 12 42-55. 

Whole cell and tissue-based pesticide biosensors... 

WHOLE CELL AND TISSUE-BASED PESTICIDE BIOSENSORS... 

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