Biopesticides

Miscellaneous compounds such as biopesticides (for example. Bacillus thuringiensis and pherhormones), heterocycles (for example, atrazine), pyrethroids (for example, cypermethrin), and urea derivatives (for example, diuron). 

ECPA is the pan-European voice of the crop protection industry. The membership includes both national associations and companies throughout Europe, including Centrol and Eastern Europe. In addition to traditional crop protection products such as herbicides, fungicides and insecticides, our members also provide biopesticides and genetically modified crops. 

Copping, L.G. and Menn, J.J. (2000). Biopesticides A Review of Their Action, Applications, and Efficacy—A valuable account of naturally occurring compounds that act as pesticides. 

Van Frankenhuyzen, K. (1993). The challenge of Bacillus thuringiensis in Entwistle, P. E., Cory, J. S., Bailey, M. J., and Higgs, S. Bacillus thuringiensis, An Environmental Biopesticide Theory and Practice, John Wiley Sons, Chichester, UK, 1-35. 

Biopesticides, encapsulation of, 16 458 Biopharmaceuticals, 9 54 Biophotolysis, 13 849 Biopile, 3 769 defined, 3 758t Bioplas microcarrier, 5 353t Biopolishing, 3 30 10 304 24 622 Biopolymer extraction, 10 787-788 Biopolymers, 20 444. See also Proteins... 

Until twenty-five or thirty years ago, few laboratories around the world were seriously interested in these insect-eating nematodes and their bacteria, but agricultural and industrial scientists are now studying them enthusiastically. Mounting pressures to limit the use of synthetic chemical pesticides have had their effect, and the nematode-bacteria complex may offer a natural environmentally safe biopesticide. Both creatures are harmless to vertebrates, but the bacterial toxins are fatal to a wide spectrum of agricultural pests. An added advantage is that the nematodes actively seek out their hosts, something other pesticides cannot do. 

Sharma DC, Badiyala A, Choudhary A, Bioefficacy and persistent toxicity of biopesticides and insecticides against potato tubet moth, Phthorimaea opercullela Zell, on spring potato, Pestic Res] 18 43- 6, 2006. 

Microbial pesticides include any microorganism that can be used as a pesticide, as defined by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) [28]. Biopesticide microorganisms include, but are not limited to, protozoa, algae, fungi, bacteria, and viruses. 

They are somewhat controversial with regard to their green credentials among some members of the public, the scientific community, and even other federal agencies [30-32]. They also are assessed for risk and regulated somewhat differently from either conventional chemicals or the other two categories of biopesticides [29]. 

The USEPA considers the term nontoxic, with respect to the mode of action, to imply that no chemical or biological interaction of the biopesticide molecule occurs with the physiology of the target pest organism such that direct lethality results to that pest organism. Lethal effects, when they occur, are always downstream from the initial exposure to the biochemical pesticide and are typically the result of physicochemical processes,... 

Table 12.3 Biopesticide registrations for fiscal year 2010 (as of 12 March 2010)a).

The existing techniques used to screen conventional chemicals, however, may not be adequate to support the discovery of new biopesticides, particularly biochemical pesticides. Non-traditional approaches for new compound discovery may be needed. The potential for the discovery of new naturally occurring... 

USEPA (2003) Diallyl Sulfides (DADs) (PC Code 129087). Biopesticide Registration Action Document http //www.epa.gov/ pesticides /biopesticides / ingredients / tech docs/brad 129087.pdf (last accessed 30 April 2010). 

USEPA (2001) Selected Mammal and Bird Repellents 9,10-Anthraquinone (122701), 1-Butanethiol (1-Butylmercaptan) (125001), Fish Oil (122401), Meat Meal (100628), Methyl Anthranilate (128725), Red Pepper (Chile Pepper) (070703) Fact Sheet http //www.epa.gov/oppbppdl/ biopesticides/ingredients / factsheets / factsheeLmam -bird-repel.htm (last accessed 30 April 2010). 

USEPA (1999) Kaolin (100104) Fact Sheet http //www.epa.gov/oppbppdl / biopesticides/ingredients / factsheets / factsheeOOOl 04.htm (last accessed... 

IndiaPRwire (2010) Global Market for Biopesticides to Be Worth 3.3 Billion in 2014 http //indiaprwire.com/ pressrelease/chemical/2010040947719. htm (last accessed 30 April 2010). 

---