Biomedical polymers poly

Among other uses, these polymers have been employed in a variety of biomedical applications. Poly(phosphazenes) containing organic side chains, derived from the anaesthetics procaine and benzocaine, have been used to prolong the anaesthetic effect of their precursor drugs. They have also been used as the bioerodable matrix for the controlled delivery of drugs. 

J. Heller, AU Daniels. Poly(orthoesters). In SW Shalaby, ed. Biomedical Polymers Designed-to-Degrade Systems. Cincinnati, OH Hanser/Gardner, 1994, pp 1-34. 

Some of the most useful polyphosphazenes are fluoroalkoxy derivatives and amorphous copolymers (11.27) that are practicable as flame-retardant, hydrocarbon solvent- and oil-resistant elastomers, which have found aerospace and automotive applications. Polymers such as the amorphous comb polymer poly[bis(methoxyethoxyethoxy)phosphazene] (11.28) weakly coordinate Li " ions and are of substantial interest as components of polymeric electrolytes in battery technology. Polyphosphazenes are also of interest as biomedical materials and bioinert, bioactive, membrane-forming and bioerodable materials and hydrogels have been prepared. 

With another polymer, poly(A-isopropylacrylamide)-fetock-poly 6-(4-(4-methyl-phenyl-azo)phenoxy)hexylacrylate (PNIPAM-h-PAzoM), the same group showed photo-induced vesicle fusion upon UV irradiation [154], Indeed, UV light has a rather low biomedical significance therefore systems responsive to NIR light, which is characterized with deeper tissue penetration and minimal risk of damages to healthy cells, should be designed. 

A wide variety of chemical catalysts is nowadays available to polymerize monomers into well-defined polymers and polymer architectures that are applicable in advanced materials for example, as biomedical applications and nanotechnology. However, synthetic polymers rarely possess well-defined stereochemistries in their backbones. This sharply contrasts with the polymers made by nature where perfect stereocontrol is the norm. An interesting exception is poly-L-lactide, a polyester that is used in a variety of biomedical applications [1]. By simply playing with the stereochemistry of the backbone, properties ranging from a semicrystalline, high melting polymer (poly-L-lactide) to an amorphous high Tg polymer (poly-meso-lactide) have been achieved [2]. 

The commonly used biomedical polymer materials include Polytetrafluoroethene, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, silicone rubber, polypropylene, polysiloxane gel, poly methyl acrylate, chitin derivatives and Polymethylmethacrylate. 

NP of the conducting polymer poly(N-ethylaniline) and poly(N-methylaniline) can be prepared using a green approach, i.e., photocatalytic oxidative polymerisation. These polymeric nanomaterials exhibit enhanced antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic bacteria and therefore, find potential applications in biomedical sciences. 

Barrows, T.H., 1994. Bioabsorbable poly(ester-amides). In Biomedical Polymers Designed-to-Degrade Systems, S.W. Shalaby, Ed., Hanser, New York, chap. 4. 

Several excellent reviews have recently been published that describe the broad field of degradable biomedical polymers [9,10]. Well-known hydrolytically degradable polymers developed or being developed for biomedical used include homo- and copolymers of polyamides (usually derived from amino adds), polyesters, polyanhydrides, poly(ortho ester)s, poly(anfido amines), and poly(P-amino esters). This chapter is focused on polyacetals, which... 

J. M. Anderson, K. L. Spilizewski, A. Hiltner, Poly-alpha-amino acids as biomedical polymers, in Biocompatibility of Tissue Analogs (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1985) pp 67-88. 

Barrows T H (1994), Bioabsorbable poly (ester-amides) , in Shalaby S W, Biomedical Polymers Designed-to-Degrade Systems, New York, Hanser, Chap 4. 

CROP has been extensively used for preparing poly(2-oxazoline)s, an important biomedical polymer characterized by its structural similarities with the naturally occurring polypeptides. Commonly used initiators for this CROP include aliphatic... 

Table 2.1 records glass transition temperatures for some common biomedical polymers. It allows comparisons between polymers such as polypropylene, poly(vinyl chloride) and polystyrene. 

Domb, A. J.,. Anrselem. S., I.anger, R. and Maniar, M. (1994b) Poly anhydrides as carriers of drugs, In De.signed to Degrade Biomedical Polymers, S. Sbalaby, Ed., Carl Hauser V erlag, pp. 69-96. 

Some poly [(organo)phosphazene] materials are of interest as biomedical polymers as non-interacting tissue replacement materials. Allcock examined the possibility of poly [(organo) phosphazenes] to be used as coating materials for artificial implants (Allcock et al, 1992). This coating materials should be able to enhance the antibacterial actiwty of the surface of implanted materials. 

Anderson, J.M., Spilizevs ski, K.I.. and Hiltner, A. (1985) Poly-a amino acids as biomedical polymers. Biocompatibility of Tissue Analogs. Boca Raton, CRC Press Inc. (V7-88. 

Poly(a-ester)s, the most expansively studied class of biodegradable polymer, contain aliphatic ester linkages in their backbone which can be cleaved hydrolytically. It is reported that mere aliphatic polyesters with practically small aliphatic chains between ester bonds can decompose over the time needed for the majority of the biomedical applications. Poly(a-ester)s demonstrate enormous diversity and synthetic flexibility and, depending on the monomeric units, can be synthesized from a variety of monomers via condensation polymerization and ring-opening routes [19]. Poly(glycolic acid) and the stereoisomers of poly(lactic acid) are the most expansively investigated poly(a-ester)s polymers. 

Y. Ohya, S. Maruhashi, T. Hirano, and T. Ouchi, Preparation of poly (lactic acid)-grafted polysaccharides as biodegradable amphiphilic materials, in Biomedical Polymers and Polymer Therapeutics, pp. 139-148, 2002. 

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