Polymeric nanomaterials

Stem Cell Differentiation to Myocytes on Polymeric Nanomaterials... 

Geoffrey Spinks, Ph.D., is currently discipline advisor for materials engineering at the University of Wollongong and a program leader in the ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science. His research interests relate to the mechanical behavior of organic conductors and polymeric nanomaterials. A particular focus of his involves the development of actuator materials and systems, from the nano- to the macro-scale. 

NP of the conducting polymer poly(N-ethylaniline) and poly(N-methylaniline) can be prepared using a green approach, i.e., photocatalytic oxidative polymerisation. These polymeric nanomaterials exhibit enhanced antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic bacteria and therefore, find potential applications in biomedical sciences. 

The radiation synthesis of polymeric nanocomposites is one of the promising technologies in the production of polymeric nanomaterials (Taleb et al. 2012). Along with the polymerization of monomers in situ (Liu et al. 2001, Meszaros and Czvikovszky 2007), radiation-induced cross-linking leads to the reinforcement of the available polymeric matrix owing to additional bond formation both between polymer chains of the matrix (Glhsel et al. 2003, Sharif et al. 2007) and between the polymer matrix and filler particles (KrkljeS et al. 2007, Planes et al. 2010). It is a very useful technique to improve the thermal stability, stress crack resistance, solvent resistance, and... 

Wan, W.M. Pan, C.Y. One-pot synthesis of polymeric nanomaterials via RAFT dispersion polymerization induced self-assembly and re-organization. Polym. Chem. 2010,1 (9), 1475-1484. 

Black AL, Lenhardt JM, Craig SL (2011) J Mater Chem 21 1655. doi 10.1039/C0jm02636k Black AL, Orlicki JA, Craig SL (2011) J Mater Chem 21 8460. doi 10.1039/C0jm03875j Weder C (2015) In Kobayashi S, Mullen K (eds) Encyclopedia of polymeric nanomaterials. Springer, Weinheim, Germany... 

For polymeric nanomaterials, another source of toxicity comes from unreacted monomers, residual reaction agents (e.g., aoss-linking initiators), or additives (e.g., surfactants) in the fabrication processes [21]. These substances may leach out and release to tissue when the nanopolymers or nanocomposites interact with body fluids or degrade. For instance, monomers of A-isopropylacrylamide and methyl methacrylate that forms PNlPAAm and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), respectively, are toxic and carcinogenic or teratogenic. As a result, medical products based on PNlPAAm and PMMA always require careful control of fabrication parameters and processes to minimize the umeacted monomers or residues [22]. 

When one of the dimensions of the material is in nanoscale, the material is known as a nanomaterial. Depending on the procedure for synthesis, the shape and size of the polymeric nanomaterial is altered. Hence the optimization process in the synthesis of any polymeric nanomaterial is critically important for its reproducibility. Various morphologies possessed by the electronically conducting polymeric nanomaterials are nanoparticles, thin films, nanotubes, nanorods, etc. Some special kinds of morphologies such as flower-like, dendritic, fibril-like, etc., are also foimd to exist. Some of the three-dimensional architectures contain the combination of various morphologies of the same polymeric material. The various structures are particularly important to their application. For example, for electrode purposes, the materials should have large surface area and hence three-dimensional nanostructures are preferred. 

Dobrynin AV (2008) Theory and simulations of charged polymers from solution properties to polymeric nanomaterials. Cinr Opin Colloid Int Sci 13 376-388. doi 10.1016/j.cocis.2008.03.006... 

C. Vasile, A.M. Oprea, M.T. Nistor, and A.M. Cojocariu, Drug delivery and release from polymeric nanomaterials, in J.L. Arias, eds.. Nanotechnology and Drug Delivery, Vol. 1 Nanoplatforms in Drug Delivery, CRC Press, 2013. 

Robertson Christopher G. Dynamic mechanical properties. In Encyclopedia of polymeric nanomaterials, Shiro Kobayashi and Klaus MuUen (eds.), 1-9. Berlin Springer Verlag, 2014. 

M. R. Aguilar and J. San Romdn Biomaterials Group Department of Polymeric Nanomaterials and Biomaterials Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP-CSIC)... 

Quartarone E, Mustarelli P (2014) Polyelectrolytes for batteries, encyclopedia of polymeric nanomaterials. Springa-, Ba-fin, pp 1-10... 

The term nanoceUulose usually refers to the cellulose materials having at least one dimension in the nanometer range. Isolated cellulose fibers or whiskers possess lateral dimensions around 5—20 nm and longitudinal dimension in a wide range from tens of nanometers to several micrometers. The round-shaped cellulose nanoball with diameters of 20—40 nm is extracted from sweet potato residue (Lu et al., 2013). The rodlike polymeric nanomaterials have a low coefficient of thermal expansion, high thermal stability, high aspect ratio, and low density ( 1.5 g/cm ). 

Polymeric nanomaterials need not be based on nanoscale supports. Micelles are spherical assemblies that differ from star polymers in the absence of a covalently linked core. Typically, this morphology arises from polymeric strands possessing hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, which will self-aggregate and assemble based on similar polarities. In polar solvents, the... 

Spherical polyelectrolyte brushes (SPB) have emerged as a new class of smart polymeric nanomaterials. Its remarkable features are offering a new dimension in the crossing fields of polymer science, materials, chemistry, biomedical engineering, and chemical engineering. The assembled linear... 

In this review, we will provide an overview on range of components (lipids, polymers and emulsifiers) of nano-carrier systems, and nanomaterial developments for effective drug delivery. However, we will limit our discussion to lipidic and polymeric nanomaterials, the two most commonly promoted, and safe nanosystems for delivery of both the chemical or small molecular entities (SME) and the macromolecules including genes and siRNA. 

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