Biomass adhesives from

Roy, C., Calve, L., Lu, X., Pakdel, H., and Amen-Chen, C. (1999) Wood Composite Adhesives from Softwood Bark-Derived Vacuum Pyrolysis Oils.In Biomass A Growth Opportunity in Green Energy and blue Added Products. 

Chum, H. Diebold, J. Scahill. Johnson, D.K. Black, S. Schroeder, H.A. Kreibich, R.E. "Biomass pyrolysis oil feedstocks for phenolic adhesives". In Adhesives from Renewable Resources. Conner, A. Hemingway, R., Eds., American Chemical Society Washington DC, 1988, in press. 

The development and use of materials from renewable sources is not a new concept. Besides providing food, feed, clothes, shelter, and energy, biomass has been employed since ancient times to extract valuable products such as medicinal drugs, flavors, and fragrances. With the development of civilization of human society, in the nineteenth century various biomass resources were employed for the large-scale industrial production of chemicals and durable materials, such as cellulose esters (nitrate and acetate), oxidized linseed oil (linoleum), vulcanized rubber, adhesives from starches, and so on. However, the widespread use of such renewable materials diminished in the twentieth century since the development of fossil fuel derivatives, leading to the polymer renaissance. Today commodity polymers such as polyolefins are ubiquitous in our societies because they represent the optimal choice based on several factors, including monomer cost and... 

HCHO and HCOOH are important indoor corrosion stimulants that can originate from tobacco smoke, combustion of biomass, adhesives, and plastics. In general, the concentration of these stimulants is lower indoors than outdoors, except for ammonia and the organic species, which usually have a higher concentration indoors than outdoors. This higher level is the result of anthropogenic activity. 

Phenolic novolacs, 18 760-761 Phenolic resin adhesives, 18 783-784 Phenolic resin can coatings, 18 38 Phenolic resin composites, 18 792-794 Phenolic resin drying-oil varnishes, 18 783 Phenolic resin fibers, 18 797-798 mechanical properties of, 18 798 Phenolic resin foam, 18 795-796 Phenolic resin manufacturers, U.S., 18 774 Phenolic resin polymerization, 18 760-765 alkaline catalysts in, 18 762-765 neutral catalysts in, 18 761-762 strong-acid catalysts in, 18 760-761 Phenolic resin prepregs, 18 793 Phenolic resin production unit, 18 766 Phenolic resins, 10 409 18 754-755, 756-802 22 10 26 763 in abrasive materials, 18 786-787 in air and oil filters, 18 790 additional reactants in, 18 759 analytical methods for, 18 774-779 applications of, 18 781-798 batch processes for, 18 766 from biomass and biochemical processes, 18 769-770... 

Coproduction (biorefinery) of, for example, phenolic adhesives, polymers, waxes, and other products with hydrogen production from biomass is being discussed in the context of biomass gasification plant designs to improve the overall economics of biomass-to-hydrogen conversion.11 The technical and economic viability of such coproduction plants is unproven and was not considered in this analysis. 

Pyrolysis of biomass is known to produce a complex mixture of phenolic compounds, which are derived primarily from the lignin fraction of the biomass (1-4) Elder and Soltes (5, 6) have investigated a phenolic fraction obtained from pyrolysis oils made in an updraft gasifier by TECH AIR as a source of phenolic adhesives a phenolics fraction was separated by solubility differences of oil fractions based on solubility of acids in aqueous bicarbonate solutions and... 

Carbohydrates, in the form of gums, polysaccharides, oligomers, and monomeric sugars, are readily available in large quanitities from renewable biomass resources. Each of these substances, either directly or in a chemically modified form, is a source of intermediates (derivatives) that have potential use in adhesive formulation. Carbohydrates have been utilized historically for and in adhesives and are likely to be used more and more in the future as petroleum-derived chemicals become scarce and prices increase. Appropriate research emphasis can effectively further their use as adhesive raw material. 

By operating an air-blown, fluidized-bed reactor at about 590 to 600°C, Biocarbons Corporation has been able to produce a water-insoluble liquid product that is phenolic in nature. While product yields are lower than for fast pyrolysis processes designed to maximize liquid fuel production from biomass, the selectivity is 100% no further product separation is required before the oil can be used to make adhesive. 

Himmelblau D.A. (1996) Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Substitutes from Biomass Tars. In Wood Adhesives 1995, Forest Products Society, Madison, WI. 

Biomass with a rather low nitrogen content in the raw fuel (straw, beech) and biomass with a very high N content (sawdust, sewage sludge) have been chosen to show the occurring effects more clearly. The sawdust is a residue from wood-processing industry and it is contaminated with melamine (QH No), which is a constituent of the adhesives used. 

Many strains over 200 were isolated from seawater samples and many of them showed adhesive growth to culture flasks and/or flocculated growth. More than 10 strains were tested to examine algal productivity, starch content and ethanol production. Table 1 shows some strains having a productivity of ca. 30 g/m2 d, accumulated a starch more than 30 % (vs dry weight), but had a variety of starch conversion rate to ethanol. One of the excellent strains, Chlamydomonas sp. YA-SH-1, which was isolated from the Red Sea showed (1) a growth rate of 30 g-dry biomass/m d, (2) a starch content of 30 %(dry base), and (3) a conversion rate from starch to ethanol of 50 % in the dark and anaerobic condition. 

The biochemical reaction catalyzed by epoxygenase in plants combines the common oilseed fatty acids, linoleic or linolenic acids, with O2, forming only H2O and epoxy fatty acids as products (CO2 and H2O are utilized to make linoleic or linolenic acids). A considerable market currently exists for epoxy fatty acids, particularly for resins, epoxy coatings, and plasticizers. The U.S. plasticizer market is estimated to be about 2 billion pounds per year (Hammond 1992). Presently, most of this is derived from petroleum. In addition, there is industrial interest in use of epoxy fatty acids in durable paints, resins, adhesives, insecticides and insect repellants, crop oil concentrates, and the formulation of carriers for slow-release pesticides and herbicides (Perdue 1989, Ayorinde et al. 1993). Also, epoxy fatty acids can readily and economically be converted to hydroxy and dihydroxy fatty acids and their derivatives, which are useful starting materials for the production of plastics as well as for detergents, lubricants, and lubricant additives. Such renewable derived lubricant and lubricant additives should facilitate use of plant/biomass-derived fuels. Examples of plastics that can be produced from hydroxy fatty acids are polyurethanes and polyesters (Weber et al. 1994). As commercial oilseeds are developed that accumulate epoxy fatty acids in the seed oil, it is likely that other valuable products would be developed to use this as an industrial chemical feedstock in the future. 

Three major carbohydrate polymers are readily obtained from biomass and are commercially available. These polysaccharides are cellulose, stareh, and gums. The use of each of these types of carbohydrate polymers in and for adhesives is discussed in this chapter. 

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