Biological raw materials

Fatty Acids and Fatty Acid Methyl Esters from Biological Raw Materials... 

There has been considerable interest in recent years in the concept of producing ethanol from renewable biological raw materials for use as a supplement for fossil-fuel-based gasoline. New laws (as of 2000) even require its addition. A very small fraction of the world s transportation fuel is currently supplied by ethanol. 

J.H.P. Tyman, The Role of Biological Raw Materials in Synthesis, (in Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, ed. Atta-ur-Rahman), vol. 17,... 

Associated Substances or Impurities in Raw Materials. The appearance of byproducts or residues in chemical reactions can also be due to associated substances or impurities present in the starting materials. This applies especially to the winning of inorganic and organic basic materials from mineral, fossil, or biological raw materials. Examples of associated substances include the following ... 

Conventional biochemical processes require up to 1000 t of biological raw materials to produce 1 kg of an enzyme suitable for bioanalysis. 

Reactors with ablative impact designs, for example, decompose the biological raw material primarily into liquid components on the surface of a hot rotation wheel (Figure 7.7). On the surface of this wheel the solid biomass is melted . To avoid further decomposition, the produced components have to be removed quickly from the hot zone close to the rotating wheel. After that they are cooled down to produce the desired liquid energy carrier. Necessarily, gaseous and solid components are also produced, which are used to heat the wheel. 

One of the most abundant biological raw materials in nature is the plant cell wall. This is often referred to as the hgnocellulosic biomass (LCB). Plant cell walls are constructed out of many microscopic fibres called macrofibrils. Each macrofibril consists of a cellulose core covered with an intertwined henucellulose/lignin fibre coating. 

Many compounds can be produced organically from petroleum, or produced biochemically from biological raw materials. For example, ethanol is regularly produced by catalyzed gas-phase hydrogenation of ethylene, Example 12.4, and also produced biochemically from sugar (or starch). Example 16.1. The resulting ethanol is the same from either source (except in the eyes of the US laws that subsidize com-based ethanol motor fuels but not hydrocarbon-based ethanol.)... 

Microfibrillar cellulose (MFC) is a basic structural component of wood fibers, one of the most abundant biological raw materials on the planet. Recently, the potentialities of MFC as a renewable, abundant and biodegradable material have attracted increasing interest. Some examples of uses envisaged are MFC as a reinforcement material in composites, as a component in wood- and paper-based products with enhanced strength properties and built-in advanced functionalities, and as an additive for control of the stability and rheology of emulsions, suspensions and foams. 

The reason for this is that frequently all the fossil resources used during the manufacture of bioplastics are not taken into account, particularly when chemical modification of the biological raw material is involved during manufacture. Nor has the question of alternative use of agricultural land for polymer intermediates been accounted for when it competes with food production. The calorific value of hydrocarbon polymers when burned in an appropriate waste-to-energy incinerator is similar to the oil from which they were manufactured, whereas bio-based polymers are generally less useful as fuels. 

PAHs were often determined in hard coals with the concentration up to himdreds, and even few thousands of mg/kg. The characteristics of coal, including its PAH content and distribution pattern depend on (1) original biological raw materials (eoal type) and (2) the degree to which the coal-bearing strata have been altered by the affects of pressure and temperature associated with burial over geologic time (coal rank) [11-15]. 

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