Liquid energy

Propellant chemists have proposed a new high energy liquid oxidizer, penta-oxygen 05, which is also a monopropellant. Calculate the monopropellant decomposition temperature at a chamber pressure of 10 atm if it assumed the only products are O atoms and 02 molecules. The heat of formation of the new oxidizer is estimated to be very high, +1025 kJ/mol. Obviously, the amounts of 02 and O must be calculated for one mole of 05 decomposing. The 05 enters the system at 298 K. Hint The answer will lie somewhere between 4000 and 5000 K. 

This experiment requires skill and careful technique in order to obtain accurate results. As with most surface chemistry experiments cleanliness is of paramount importance. High-energy liquids such as water easily pick up surface-active contaminants from the air in a laboratory and great care should be taken to reduce exposure. Contaminants generally do not adsorb at the surface of low-energy liquids such as hexane and hence are less of a problem. 

Energy + Liquid > Two-fluid nozzle > Droplets + Heat. 

The lower stability is probably due to the fall in melting point of pentaeryth-ritol tetranitrate, and hence its transition at a relatively low temperature into the higher energy liquid state. 

The morphology as described in the preceding paragraphs encompasses all the known or suggested chemical rocket systems. The important aspect is that it is controlled by the necessity of adding the high energy, liquid metallic elements. 

Films from low energy liquids on water substrate have been studied in [521,543,544] and their thickness were measured employing an adsorption method. These along with the results of many other authors [e.g. 204] indicated that at equilibrium most organic liquids formed monolayers at the water surface. The increase in liquid pressure lead to formation of drops from the organic phase in the form of floating lenses. In the series of saturated... 

Acedg to Ref 14, Aerojet-General has completed a successful test firing of the rocket engine and storable fuels for the US Air Force Titan II Super ICBM. Tne storable proplnts (based on UDMH, high energy liquid fuel), will give the Titan near instant readiness. Both the proplnt combi-... 

Biomass is limited available in Europe and the generation of green energy (liquid fuels and electricity) will depend on large-scale import. Therefore, available biomass should be utilised in the most (cost) efficient way. Within the framework of the CO2 reduction policy this can be quantified as the costs per avoided ton COj emission. 

Agblevor, F.A., B. Rejai, D. Wang, A. Wiselogel, and H.L.Chum (1992) Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Fuels and Chemicals, the Effect of Storage Conditions on Pyrolysis Products, Proceedings Alternative Energy-Liquid Fuels from Renewable Resources, Dec. 13-15, 1992, Nashville, TN. 

Figure 19. Angulardistribution functions of Afi3 from MC calculations of Davis et al. (a) Fully averaged over both coexisting forms of cluster at 7 = 33 K. (b) Data obtained separately over each of high and low potential energy forms. Dashed curve—distribution of high potential energy (liquid) form, (c, d) Obtained over separate phases at coexistence temperatures of 30 and 37 K, respectively, (e) Pure liquid at 43 K. (/) Pure solid at 20 K.

Statement 1. High energy liquids will not spontaneously wet nor spread onto immiscible low energy materials. 

Since Fowkes assumed that 7tsv = 0 for low-energy solid (polymer) surfaces, where (yLv > ysv) for finite contact angles of high-energy liquid drops on them, he then expressed the equilibrium ideal contact angle, 0e as... 

---