Biologic response modifiers selection

The risk of infection in patients treated with biologic response modifiers must be considered when selecting and monitoring therapy. 

Biologic response modifiers (BRMs) are indicated in patients who have failed an adequate trial of DMARD therapy.1 BRMs may be added to DMARD monotherapy (i.e., methotrexate) or replace ineffective DMARD therapy.22 The decision to select a particular agent generally is based on the prescriber s comfort level with monitoring the safety and efficacy of the medications, the frequency and route of administration, the patient s comfort level or manual dexterity to self-administer subcutaneous injections, the cost, and the availability of insurance coverage.23 In general, BRMs should be avoided in patients with serious infections, demyelinating disorders (e.g., multiple sclerosis or optic neuritis) or heart failure.21... 

While the variety of NPs used in catalytic and sensor applications is extensive, this chapter will primarily focus on metallic and semiconductor NPs. The term functional nanoparticle will refer to a nanoparticle that interacts with a complementary molecule and facilitate an electrochemical process, integrating supramolecular and redox function. The chapter will first concentrate on the role of exo-active surfaces and core-based materials within sensor applications. Exo-active surfaces will be evaluated based upon their types of molecular receptors, ability to incorporate multiple chemical functionalities, selectivity toward distinct analytes, versatility as nanoscale receptors, and ability to modify electrodes via nanocomposite assemblies. Core-based materials will focus on electrochemical labeling and tagging methods for biosensor applications, as well as biological processes that generate an electrochemical response at their core. Finally, this chapter will shift its focus toward the catalytic nature of NPs, discussing electrochemical reactions and enhancement in electron transfer. 

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