Biological hemolytic effect

Biologic effects of non-excited fullerenes C60, that are revealed at the concentration range lower than 10 4 M, are mostly positive, but depend on the type of cells and the way of modification of fullerene C60 (Yamakoshi et al., 1994). As we have shown earlier, upon the presence of 10 6 M fullerenes C60 in incubation medium, resistance of erythrocytes to hemolysis is not altered, whilst at the concentration of 10 5 M fullerenes C60 the hemolysis rate is accelerated. Hemolytic effect was not revealed if fullerene C. at the concentration of 10 5 M was introduced to the con-tent of aminopropylaerosyl (i.e., upon the presence of fullerene C60-composite-l). Cytotoxic influence was not found if thymocytes and EAC cells were incubated with fullerenes C60 (10 5 M) or fullerene C60-containing composites for 24 h (Piylutska et al., 2006). That is why the study of the influence of irradiation on biologic activity of fullerenes C60 was carried out at their concentration of 10 5 M. 

The biological activities of the steroidal saponins from the Japanese starfish Acanthaster planci, Luidia maculata, and Asterias amurensis versicolor have been examined by Fusetani et al. (643) who investigated the effects of 17 saponines on fertilized sea urchin and starfish eggs. These compounds inhibited sea urchin embryos from further development in the morula stage, while starfish eggs were much more resistant. Some of these asterosaponins showed hemolytic effects. The authors discussed the relationship between the structure and the biological activity. 

The micelle formulation approach often possesses disadvantages such as its toxicity associated with surfactants even at relatively low concentrations. In general, nonionic surfactants have the least toxic effects. Cremophor EL produces hypersensitivity reactions in human and animals (Jonkman-de Vries et al., 1996). Tween-80 is also believed to cause acute hepatitis and renal failure (Uchegbu and Florence, 1996). On intravenous administration, owing to their surface activity, surfactant molecules have the potential to penetrate and disrupt biological membranes and can be hemolytic (Ten Tije et al., 2003). Often the absorption capacity of the micelle is too small and the extent of the... 

Their unique structure and surface activity not only appears largely responsible for their beneficial biological effects but also for the long-held belief that saponins are toxic. Some saponins are strongly hemolytic and are... 

Triterpene glycosides of sea cucumbers demonstrate a wide spectrum of biological effects antifungal, antitumor, hemolytic, cytostatic and immunomodulatory activities [12]. The application of many preparations from sea cucumbers in traditional oriental medicine has been reported [13]. The medicinal properties of these sea food preparations are attributed to triterpene glycosides [13]. 

Nowadays saponins have been studied because different beneficial properties to health have been described. Saponins possess a broad variety of biological effects analgesic, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, and cytotoxic activity, effect on the absorption of minerals and vitamins and on animal growth, hemolytic and immunosti-mulatory effects, increased permeability of the intestinal mucosa neuro-protective action, and reduction of fat absorption (Gu lii-Ustundag and Mazza, 2007). However, the biological properties of quinoa saponins require further study. 

Hemolytic anemia is the characteristic toxic reaction to 2-butoxyethanol in animals. Sperm-positive Fischer 344 rats (27-33 per dose group) were administered 0, 30, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day 2-butoxyethanol (BE) in distilled water by gavage for Gd 9-11 (NTP 1989). The biological effects of BE... 

It should be mentioned that in many cases direct comparisons of reported biological effects are very difficult. Due to amphiphilic properties, a significant part of the effect of resorcinolic lipids is related to their interaction with membranous structures and the hydrophobic domains of proteins and therefore, the molar ratios rather than absolute concentrations should be used as a actual measure. The importance of this fact is clearly observed, e.g., in the studies of hemolytic concentration dependence on the number of erythrocytes used in the tests and in the time dependence of this process [387]. 

Discuss the effects of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency on red cells in drug-induced hemolytic anemia, and relate them to the biological roles of glutathione. 

Abnormally high iron levels in particular biological compartments can have a profound effect on a number of disease processes. Thus, iron-mediated diseases can be separated into two fundamental categories, systemic and focal iron overload disorders. The systemic disorders are typified by hemochromatosis and transfusional iron overload associated with either hemolytic anemias, such as thalassemia and sickle cell anemia, or bone marrow deficiency, for example, myelodysplasia. Disorders with focal iron sequestration include ischemia-reperfusion injury (5, 6), Parkinson s disease, Alzheimer s disease, and Friedreich s ataxia, to name a few (7, 8, 9,10, 11,12). 

---