Process biological field

In the last two decades, studies on the kinetics of electron transfer (ET) processes have made considerable progress in many chemical and biological fields. Of special interest to us is that the dynamical properties of solvents have remarkable influences on the ET processes that occur either heterogeneously at the electrode or homogeneously in the solution. The theoretical and experimental details of the dynamical solvent effects on ET processes have been reviewed in the literature [6], The following is an outline of the important role of dynamical solvent properties in ET processes. 

Electron-transfer (ET) reactions, the simplest chemical transformations, play vital roles in a diverse ensemble of biological processes. Biological electron transfer is an extraordinarily vibrant field of inquiry, responsible for thousands of original research articles during the past decade. This chapter will focus on studies of ET in chemically modified proteins, protein-protein complexes, and two key biological energy transduction pathways, photosynthesis (see Photosynthesis) and respiration (see Cytochrome Oxidase). 

Biogeochemistry is a complex field which encompasses the study of the processes (biological, chemical, geological, and physical) that govern the composition of our natural environment. A particular focus of... 

The set of results presented here allows us to understand better the properties of polyelectrolytes in the presence of multivalent counterions. However, these systems are very complex, and we hope that future experimental and theoretical work will permit us to progress significantly. We must keep in mind that while polyelectrolytes and multivalent counterion systems are interesting from a fundamental point of view, they are also of practical interest, as for instance in the biological field and in depollution process. An extension to polyelectrolyte/charged colloid systems that present some complex phase diagrams is in progress. 

Just a short time ago, substitutions in --deficient heterocycles were generally limited to reactions with heteronucleophiles for the replacement of heterosubstituents, which frequently arise as part of the cyclization process in the preparation of the heterocycle or as part of a naturally occurring heterocycle, e.g., a hydroxy group in a pteridine or in the base moiety of a nucleoside. The importance of this development is obvious when it is desirable to have a readily prepared series of carbosubstituted analogs in a heterocyclic system, e.g., in biological fields. 

Capillary electrophoresis technology has become an indispensable tool for forensic scientists in the biology field since it is able to provide valuable information to aid in the process of law enforcement. The primary application of the technique is in the qualitative analysis of STRs. Isolation of STR mixtures is also possible using relative peak heights. Other applications of CE include quantitative analysis of PCR products, mtDNA sequencing, and mutation detection for the analysis of plant and bacterial DNA. Based on the performance of the methods illustrated above, it is reasonable to expect future researchers and practitioners to continue working to exploit the capabilities of this robust scientific technique and its application to criminal investigations. 

Analysis of fatty acids (FAs) may be required for a variety of reasons. It maybe important in food process control, quality assurance, detection of adulteration, or for regulatory reasons such as labeling. In the biological field, information on the FA composition in blood and tissues may be important for nutritional and health reasons—especially for FAs of functional significance (e.g., long-chain omega-3 acids)— or for the diagnosis of some metabolic diseases. 

This interaction between SPR and electrochemistry can be relevant for important processes in the biological field, mainly for analyses that study the interactions with antigen-antibody, nucleic acids, cells, enzymes, micro-organisms, etc. [36-38]. 

Molecular modeling (MM) tools offer significant benefits in the design of industrial chemical plants and material processing operations. While the role of MM in biological fields is well established, in most cases MM works as an accessory in novel products/materials development rather than a tool for direct innovation. As a result, MM engineers and practitioners are often seized with the question How do I leverage these tools to develop novel materials or chemicals in my industry ... 

In recent years, interesting works have been focused on the amino polysaccharide chitosan-based microspheres. The chitosan microspheres have been applied in diversified fields, such as food processing, water treatment and biological fields. To bring new or improved properties, the chemical modification of chitosan based microspheres is of rapidly growing interest. After chemical modification, chitosan based microspheres can be used as functional materials with modified properties, such as adsorption resins, magnetic resins and nanocomposites, for specific end use in food industry. This paper presents a review of the developments in the preparation and applications of chitosan-based microspheres. The main objective of this review is to provide recent information and to show the development trend about chitosan-based microspheres. 

Chapter 47 - In recent years, interesting works have been focused on the amino polysaccharide chitosan-based microspheres. The chitosan microspheres have been applied in diversified fields, such as food processing, water treatment and biological fields. To bring new or improved properties, the chemical modification of chitosan-based microspheres is of... 

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