Biogenic amines detection

Table 12.3 Maximum levels (mg/kg) of biogenic amines detected in foodstuffs purchased from retail markets... 

Alberto, M. R., Arena, M. E., De Nadra, M. C. (2004). Differences between biogenic amine detection by HPLC methods using OPA and dansyl derivates. Methods in Molecular Biology, 268,481-487. 

A new cyanide dye for derivatizing thiols has been reported (65). This thiol label can be used with a visible diode laser and provide a detection limit of 8 X 10 M of the tested thiol. A highly sensitive laser-induced fluorescence detector for analysis of biogenic amines has been developed that employs a He—Cd laser (66). The amines are derivatized by naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde in the presence of cyanide ion to produce a cyanobenz[ isoindole which absorbs radiation at the output of He—Cd laser (441.6 nm). Optimization of the detection system yielded a detection limit of 2 x 10 M. 

Hoekstra, J. C. and Johnson, D. C., Comparison of potential-time waveforms for the detection of biogenic amines in complex mixtures following their separation by liquid chromatography, Anal. Chem., 70, 83, 1998. 

Sadain, S. K. and Koropchak, J. A., Condensation nucleation light scattering detection for biogenic amines separated by ion-exchange chromatography, /. Chromatogr. A, 844, 111, 1999. 

IEC was applied to determine biogenic polyamines such as putrescine (4a), cadaverine (4b), tyramine (5), histamine (6), spermidine (38), agmatine (39) and tryptamine (40), contained in aqueous trichloroacetic extracts of leafy vegetables, such as cabbage and lettuce. A cation exchange column loaded with potassium ions and a special buffer were used. Spermidine (38) was the major amine detected in this group (7-15 Xg/g fresh weight)144. 

Biogenic amines are of great interest to researchers because of their potential roles in several psychiatric and neurological disorders. They include dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin), histamine, and trace amines such as 2-phenylethylamine (PEA), tyramine, octopamine, phenylethanolamine, and tryptamine (Coutts and Baker, 1982). Although GC assays for DA, NA, and 5-HT are available, HPLC analysis with electrochemical detection has for many years now been the method of choice for analysis of these neurotransmitter amines. 

Fluorescence detection, alone or with the aid of derivatizing reagents to enhance detector responses and improve the chromatographic resolution, has also been used for the determination of biogenic amines. Lakshmana and Trichur (1997) used native fluorescence to analyze NE, DA, and 5HT in rat brain utilizing an isocratic separation on an ODS CIS column. The detection limits reported were 100-250 pg on column. 

Chen Z, Wu J, Baker GB, Parent M, Dovichi NJ. 2001. Application of capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection to the determination of biogenic amines and amino acids in brain microdialysate and homogenate samples. J Chromatogr A 914(1—2) 293-298. 

Connil, N., Prevost, H., and Dousset, X. (2002). Production of biogenic amines and in cold smoked salmon inoculated with Carnobacterium divergens V41, and specific detection of this strain by multiplex-pcr. J. Appl. Microbiol., 92(4), 611-617. 

Substituted HAs have been shown to be metabolic intermediates in the A-oxygenation of biogenic amines such as phenethylamine and amphetamine, and have been detected in the urine of experimental animals. The end products of these metabolic pathways are oximes, and will be discussed at length in Section III. 

It is used in IC systems when the amperometric process confers selectivity to the determination of the analytes. The operative modes employed in the amperometric techniques for detection in flow systems include those at (1) constant potential, where the current is measured in continuous mode, (2) at pulsed potential with sampling of the current at dehned periods of time (pulsed amperometry, PAD), or (3) at pulsed potential with integration of the current at defined periods of time (integrated pulsed amperometry, IPAD). Amperometric techniques are successfully employed for the determination of carbohydrates, catecholamines, phenols, cyanide, iodide, amines, etc., even if, for optimal detection, it is often required to change the mobile-phase conditions. This is the case of the detection of biogenic amines separated by cation-exchange in acidic eluent and detected by IPAD at the Au electrode after the post-column addition of a pH modiher (NaOH) [262]. 

Determination of dopamine is by HPLC and electrochemical detection and is very similar to that described previously for the CSF determination of biogenic amines. 

T Bauza, A Blaise, F Daumas, JC Cabanis. Determination of biogenic amines and their precursor amino acids in wines of the Vallee du Rhone by high-performance liquid chromatography with precolumn derivatization and fluorimetric detection. J Chromatogr A 707 373-379, 1995. 

The conversion of several biogenic amines into their acetyl derivatives has been attempted [26] for their analysis by HPLC with UV detection. The calibration graphs are linear within the tested range and the limits of detection range from 30 to 250 ng depending on the amine. 

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