Biogenic amines derivatization

A new cyanide dye for derivatizing thiols has been reported (65). This thiol label can be used with a visible diode laser and provide a detection limit of 8 X 10 M of the tested thiol. A highly sensitive laser-induced fluorescence detector for analysis of biogenic amines has been developed that employs a He—Cd laser (66). The amines are derivatized by naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde in the presence of cyanide ion to produce a cyanobenz[ isoindole which absorbs radiation at the output of He—Cd laser (441.6 nm). Optimization of the detection system yielded a detection limit of 2 x 10 M. 

Baker GB, Coutts RT, Holt A. 1994. Derivatization with acetic anhydride applications to the analysis of biogenic amines and psychiatric drugs by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 31 141. 

Fluorescence detection, alone or with the aid of derivatizing reagents to enhance detector responses and improve the chromatographic resolution, has also been used for the determination of biogenic amines. Lakshmana and Trichur (1997) used native fluorescence to analyze NE, DA, and 5HT in rat brain utilizing an isocratic separation on an ODS CIS column. The detection limits reported were 100-250 pg on column. 

Biogenic amines chloride followed by derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride Acetic anhydride Gerhardt (2001) Baker etal. (1994)... 

Song Y, Quan Z, Evans JL, Byrd EA, Liu YM. 2004. Enhancing capillary liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry of biogenic amines by pre-column derivatization with 7-fLuoro-4-nitrobenzoxadiazole. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 18 989. 

Oguri, S., Maeda, Y., and Mizusawa, A. (2004). On-column derivatization-capillary electro-chromatography with o-phthalaldehyde/alkylthiol for assay of biogenic amines. /. Chromatogr. A 1044, 271-276. 

Several analytical techniques including capillary electrophoresis, thin layer chromatography (TLC), GC, lEC, and HPLC, have been proposed for the determination of biogenic amines in various foods. Among these, RP-HPLC is considered the most suitable one. HPLC methods used for amine determination usually involve two steps amine extraction from the matrix and analytical determination. Depending on the complexity of food matrix and the selectivity of the final analytical determination, a further purification step may be necessary prior to the analytical determination. To ensure adequate sensitivity, a derivatization step is generally required before injection [282]. 

According to some recent literature, typical conditions for biogenic amine determination are precolumn derivatization with Dnsl-Cl followed by separation on C8 or C18 column with gradient elution with mobile phases consisting of water or phosphate buffer and acetonitrile (or methanol) or postcolumn derivatization with OPA and gradient elution with mixtures of sodium acetate buffer and methanol (or acetonitrile). In the latter case, a counterion (such as hexanesulfonic or octansulfonic acid) is usually added in the mobile phase. 

J Kirschbaum, B Luckas, WD Beinert. Pre-column derivatization of biogenic amines and amino acids with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate and heptylamine. J Chromatogr A 661 193-199, 1994. 

T Bauza, A Blaise, F Daumas, JC Cabanis. Determination of biogenic amines and their precursor amino acids in wines of the Vallee du Rhone by high-performance liquid chromatography with precolumn derivatization and fluorimetric detection. J Chromatogr A 707 373-379, 1995. 

The zig-zag mixer was then used as a pre-column reactor to derivatize biogenic amines such as histamine and tyramine with o-phthaldialdehyde and to detect the corresponding products with micellar electro kinetic chromatography [150]. A separation of four amines, histamine, tyramine, putrescine and tryptamine, was demonstrated in that way. 

Pre-column OPA derivatization was also employed to analyze biogenic amines prior to MEKC separation on a PDMS chip [654]. Pre-column OPA derivatization and MEKC were also performed on a glass chip to analyze amino acids. Usually, OPA was used for fluorescent detection. However, in this report, amperometric detection was used as the OPA derivatives were also electroactive. Voltage (needed for separation) programming was used to decrease the migration time of late migrating species [655]. 

Pereira, V., Pontes, M., Camara, J. S., and Marques, J. C. (2008). Simultaneous analysis of free amino acids and biogenic amines in honey and wine samples using in loop orthophtha-laldeyde derivatization procedure. ]. Chromatogr. A 1189, 435-443. 

Hlabangana, L., Hemandez-Cassou, S., and Saurina J. Determination of biogenic amines in wines by ion-pair liquid chromatography and post-column derivatization with... 

The lack of suitable chromophores for UV-Vis detection can be circumvented by derivatization, and the same strategy can be nsed to obtain the required fluorescence of an analyte if it does not naturally fluoresce. Many flnorophores were investigated and nsed. Determination of leukocyte DNA 6-thioguanine nucleotide levels relied on derivatization with chloroacetaldehyde [25]. A post-column derivatization with )8-naphthoqninone-4-sulfonate allowed the detection of streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin in foods [26], A post-colnmn derivatization with 0-phthalaldehyde was used for the detection of biogenic amines and polyamines in vegetable products... 

In recent years there has been a growing interest in the use of electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) either as a stand-alone technique, or following an analytical separation step like CE, to study and measure a wide variety of compounds in complex samples such us foods (Simo et al. 2005). ESI provides an effective means for ionising from large (e.g., proteins, peptides, carbohydrates) to small (e.g., amino acids, amines) analytes directly from solution prior to their MS analysis without a previous derivatization step. Santos et al. (2004) proposed the use of CE-ESI-MS for the separation and quantification of nine biogenic amines in white and red wines. More recently, the possibilities of two different CE-MS set-ups, namely, capillary electrophoresis-electrospray-ion trap mass spectrometry (CE-IT-MS) and capillary electrophoresis-electrospray-time of flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOE-MS) to analyze directly biogenic amines in wine samples without any previous treatment has been studied (Simo et al. 2008). 

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