Biofuels types

Biofuel type Typical source Typical production path Role for prokaryotes... 

Alternatively, short-rotation hybrid poplar and selected grasses can be multicropped on an energy plantation in the U.S. Northwest and harvested for conversion to Hquid transportation fuels and cogenerated power for on-site use in a centrally located conversion plant. The salable products are Hquid biofuels and surplus steam and electric power. This type of design may be especially useful for larger land-based systems. 

Oritz-Canavate, J. V. (1994). Characteristics of Different Types of Gaseous and Liquid Biofuels and Their Energy Balance. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 59 231-238. 

Kamitaka Y, Tsujimura S, Setoyama N, Kajino T, Kano K. 2007. Fructose/dioxygen biofuel cell based on direct electron transfer-type bioelectrocatalysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 9 1793-1801. 

Okuda J, Yamazaki T, Fukasawa M, Kakehi N, Sode K. 2007. The application of engineered glucose dehydrogenase to a direct electron-transfer-type continuous glucose monitoring system and a compartmentless biofuel cell. Anal Lett 40 431 -440. 

The potential of biomass to make a large contribution towards replacing conventional fuels is constrained by land availability and competition with other end-use sectors. In particular, the potential for oil seeds to generate FAME is limited. Generally, yields of biofuels from purpose-grown crops depend on the species, soil type and climate.22 At a global level, it is estimated that biofuels could substitute up... 

Notably, several types of liquid biofuels exist or are under development and have the potential to replace fossil fuels, especially in the transportation sector. The focus is on organic fuels such as ethanol, butanol, methanol and their derivatives ETBE, MTBE, which can be produced by fermentation, but also biodiesel and liquid biogas, which can provide interesting biomass-based alternatives to diesel and LPG. 

The valorization of by-products in biomass conversion is a key factor for introducing a biomass based energy and chemistry. There is the need to develop new (catalytic) solutions for the utilization of plant and biomass fractions that are residual after the production of bioethanol and other biofuels or production chains. Valorization, retreatment or disposal of co-products and wastes from a biorefinery is also an important consideration in the overall bioreftnery system, because, for example, the production of waste water will be much larger than in oil-based refineries. A typical oil-based refinery treats about 25 000 t d-1 and produces about 15 000 t d 1 of waste water. The relative amount of waste water may increase by a factor 10 or more, depending on the type of feed and production, in a biorefinery. Evidently, new solutions are needed, including improved catalytic methods to eliminate some of the toxic chemicals present in the waste water (e.g., phenols). 

The objectives of Koistinen et al s [7] research was to study the differences and similarities in the effects of the moisture content, fuel bed type and the particle size of different biofuels on the combustion rate, released grate effect and the combustion behaviour in general. 

The use of a biofuel cell type electrode for BOD-determination has been described by Karube et al. [29]. The current generated by the biofuel cell results from the oxidation of hydrogen and formic acid produced from organic compounds by Clostridia under anaerobic conditions. 

Ehrlich C, Noll G, Kalkoff W-D (2007) Determining PM-emission fractions (PM10, PM2.5, PM1.0) from small-scale combustion units and domestic stoves using different types of fuels including biofuels like wood pellets and energy grain. In DustConf 2007, Maastricht. http //www. dustconf.com/CLIENT/DUSTCONF/UPLOAD/S4/EHRLICH. PDF, Accessed 5 Feb 2012... 

Based on this ability to manipulate the algal composition, these organisms can be used for the production of different types of biofuel. For example, those algae which are rich in hpids are better suited for the production of bio-oil or biodiesel those rich in starch can be used for alcoholic fermentations to afford ethanol and those rich in proteins and starch can be used for the production of biogas. 

The Kyoto protocol had identified the development of an alternative biofuel from biomass as one of several areas deserving of research support, since this type of renewable fuel could help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The use of bioethanol as a viable motor fuel to replace or augment gasoline is an attractive component of an integrated strategy to reduce the release of detrimental hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, and aromatics (2-3). 

Wood powder is a kind of upgraded fuel that is burned in large-scale combustion plants for heat production. However, it is possible to use wood powder for power generation as well. It is a biofuel made of sawdust, shavings and bark. The raw material is crushed, dried and milled to tine particles in order to obtain the best fuel properties. There are many different wood powder qualities dependant on different physical properties such as particle size distribution, particle shape and also moisture content. The powder is usually handled in a closed system from milling to storing in silos to avoid the risk of dust explosions. The raw materials and type of mill used determine the properties of the wood powder (Paulrud et al, 2002). 

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