Lubricity biodiesel

Results related to those discussed above (Knothe and Steidley, 2005b) are available in the literature (Hu et al., 2005 Hillion et al, 1999). The results in these publications do not agree on all aspects, however, there is agreement that low-level contaminants significantly affect biodiesel lubricity and its low-level blends with petrodiesel. 

Knothe, G., and Steidley, K. R. 2005b. Lubricity of Components of Biodiesel and Petrodiesel. The Origin of Biodiesel Lubricity. Energy Fuels, 19,1192-1200. 

Plant oils are excellent sources of some valuable compounds such as unsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols, squalene, pigments, antioxidants, vitamins, waxes, glycolipids, and lipoproteins. Plant oils could be employed for technological uses as biodiesel, lubricants, surfactants, emulsifiers, biopolymers, and so on. Vegetable oils also can serve as appropriate sources for the production of valuable compounds having applications in food, pharmaceutical, medical, and environmental fields. Attention has been focused on various types of value-added fatty acids (polyunsaturated fatty acids, conjugated fatty... 

Knothe, G. R. Steidley. Lubricity of components of biodiesel and petrodiesel. the origin of biodiesel lubricity. Energy dr Fuels 2005,19, 1192—1200. 

The prominence of lipids in the chemical industry is growing year on year and they are now one of the major renewable feedstocks used in a chemist s synthetic toolbox. They are readily obtained in different parts of the planet and can be easily modified to produce a wide range of chemical precursors for polymer production. However, many associate the commercial use of lipids in areas such as biodiesel, lubricants and paint formulations and not with the largely investigated use of polymers. This chapter aims to define loosely what a lipid is, and highlight the main areas where they have been employed in bioplastics production to date. 

Schumacher, L. 2005. Biodiesel lubricity. In The Biodiesel Handbook. Knothe, G., Krahl, J. and Gerpan, J.V. eds.. Champaign, IL AOCS Press (2005). 

Whereas the largest share of approximately 100 million t/a of fats and oils are used for human foodstuff 15% are available for oleo-chemistry (soaps, detergents, cosmetics, biodiesel, lubricants and polymer additives). 

Foglia, T.A., Nelson, L. A., Marmer, W.N., 1998. Production of Biodiesel Lubricants and Fuel and Lubricant Additives. Patent US5713965. 

In addition to greenhouse benefits, biodiesels offer environmental advantages over conventional diesel. Biodiesels produce similar NO, emissions to conventional diesel, fuel but less particulate matter. Biodiesel is more biodegradable that conventional diesel making any spills less damaging in sensitive areas. In general biodiesel provides more lubrication to the fuel system than low-sulfur diesel. 

Biodiesel is a fuel derived from renewable natural resources such as soybean and rapeseed and consists of alkyl esters derived from transesterification of triglycerides with methanol. In spite of all the advantages of biodiesel, such as low emissiotts, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and lubricity, the major hurdle in penetration of biodiesel is its high cost because of the expensive food grade refined vegetable oil feedstock. 

Moreover, European regulations in 2005 restricted the sulfur content in diesel fuel to SOmgkg. Sulfur organic compounds are known to provide diesel fuel with a lubricity that will disappear as the regulations take effect. Addition of biodiesel at a level of 1-2% to diesel blends has the effect of restoring lubricity through an antiwear action on engine injection systems, which is specific for polar molecules. 

Biodiesel methyl esters blend quite easily into petroleum based conventional diesel fuel. Biodiesel esters typically have better lubricity properties and higher cetane number ratings than conventional diesel fuel, but have poorer water demulsibility and color stability properties. At sub-zero temperatures, the handling characteristics of biodiesel becomes more difficult to control than conventional diesel fuel. 

On cold starting, liquid methyl ester compounds can pass into the lubricating oil the higher TAN and the olefinic nature of biodiesel can lead to sludge formation and thickening of the lubricating oil more frequent oil drain intervals are recommended when biodiesel is used. 

Biodiesel A fuel derived when glycerin is separated from vegetable oils or animal fats. The resulting byproducts are methyl esters (the chemical name for biodiesel) and glycerin which can be used in soaps and cleaning products. It has lower emissions than petroleum diesel and is currently used as an additive to that fuel since it helps with lubricity. 

These fatty acids and oils, as well as their derivatives, are applied in a broad range of products such as surfactants, lubricants and coatings, and, obviously, biodiesel. Upon epoxidation of the double bonds of the unsaturated fatty acids, very important compounds for the polymer industry are produced, which are used as plasticizers and stabilizers for a broad range of polymers such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyesters, and polyurethanes [71]. Another interesting application has been found in the conversion of epoxidized soybean oil to carbonated soybean oil that can be reacted with ethylene diamine to obtain a polyurethane with interesting properties [72], Traditionally, stoichiometric reagents are used for the epoxidation of these oils and fats, albeit in some cases, with limited results. Therefore, the MTO/H2O2 system has been explored to epoxidize unsaturated fatty acids and oils. 

Stavinoha and Kline (2001) adapted ASTM method D 6186 (Oxidation Induction Time of Lubricating Oils by Pressure Differential Scanning Calorimetry [P-DSC]) for analyzing the oxidative stability of SME treated with antioxidants. This report concluded that isothermal P-DSC analysis is suitable for screening the effectiveness of antioxidants for treating biodiesel. 

Biodiesel inherently possesses good lubricity (Lang et al, 2001 Lacey and Westbrook, 1995 Drown et al., 2001 Van Gerpen et al., 1999 Galbraith and... 

Thus biodiesel is a better lubricity enhancer than its parent vegetable oil because of the presence of high-lubricity species, some of which, such as monoacylglycerols, can arise during biodiesel production. Biodiesel is required at levels such as 2% for lubricity enhancement in order to achieve a sufficient additive level of high-lubricity materials in petrodiesel. Table 1.17 gives data showing the effect of minor components of biodiesel on its lubricity. 

Scherer, M., Souchik, J., and Bollinger, J. M. 2001. Block Copolymers of Long-Chain Alkyl Methacrylates as Lubricating Oil and Biodiesel Additives. PCT Int. Patent Appl. WO 0140339 (Jun. 7). 

Waynick, J. A. 1997. Evaluation of the Stability, Lubricity, and Cold Flow Properties of Biodiesel Fuel. In Proc., 6th International Conference on Stability and Handling of Liquid Fuels. Atlanta GA IASH. 

---