Energy biodiesel

R = energy spent for producing biodiesel/energy given back by the extracted biodiesel = 1.2 - 0.3... 

Dembiras, A., Comparison of transesterification methods for production of biodiesel, Energy Conver. Manag., 2007... 

Hess, M.A., Haas, M. J., Foglia, T. A., and Marmer, W. M. 2005. Effect of Antioxidant Addition on NOx Emissions from Biodiesel. Energy Fuels, 19,1749-1754. 

Venkat Reddy, C.R., Fetterly, B.M. and Verkade, J.G. (2007) Polymer-supported azidoproa-zaphosphatrane a recyclable catalyst for the room-temperature transformation of triglycerides to biodiesel. Energy Fuels, 21, 2466-2472. 

Mascal M, Nikitin EB (2010) Co-processing of carbohydrates and lipids in oil crops to produce a hybrid biodiesel. Energy Fuels 24 2170-2171... 

Fazal, M., Haseeb, A., Masjuki, H. (2012). Degradation of automotive materials in palm biodiesel. Energy, 40, 76—83. 

Demirbas A, Fatih Demirbas M. Importance of algae oil as a source of biodiesel. Energy Convert Manag 2011 52 163. 

Um S, Park SW. Numerical study on combustion and emission characteristics of homogeneous charge compression ignition engines fueled with biodiesel. Energy Euels 2010 24 916-27. doi 10.1021/ef901092h. 

Demirbas, A., andM. F. Demirbas. 2011. Importance of Algae Oil as a Source of Biodiesel. Energy Conversion and Management 52 163-170. 

Scharmer, K. Biodiesel-Energie- und Umweltbilanz Rapsolmethylester Union zur FOrderung von Ol- und Proteinpflanzen E.V. 2001. 

Chupka, G.M., Yanowitz, J., Chiu, G., Alleman, T.L. and McCormick, R.L. 2011. Effect of saturated monoglyceride polymorphism on low-temperature performance of biodiesel. Energy Fuels. 25(1) 398-405. 

Demirbas, A.H., 2009. Inexpensive oil and fats feedstocks for production of biodiesel. Energy Education Science and Technology Part A 23,1-13. 

Knothe, G., 2012. Fuel properties of highly polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters. Prediction of fuel properties of algal biodiesel. Energy Fuels 26, 5265—5273. 

Sheehan, J., Camobreco, V., Duffield, J., Graboski, M., and Shapouri, H. (1998). Life cycle inventory of biodiesel and petroleum diesel for use in an urban bus. Final Report. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, US Department of Energy. 

There is a real opportunity to reduce biodiesel production costs and environmental impact by applying modem catalyst technology, which will allow increased process flexibility to incorporate the use of low-cost high-FFA feedstock, and reduce water and energy requirement. Solid catalysts such as synthetic polymeric catalysts, zeolites and superacids like sulfated zirconia and niobic acid have the strong potential to replace liquid acids, eliminating separation, corrosion and environmental problems. Lotero et al. recently published a review that elaborates the importance of solid acids for biodiesel production. ... 

During the last decade many industrial processes shifted towards using solid acid catalysts (6). In contrast to liquid acids that possess well-defined acid properties, solid acids contain a variety of acid sites (7). Sohd acids are easily separated from the biodiesel product they need less equipment maintenance and form no polluting by-products. Therefore, to solve the problems associated with liquid catalysts, we propose their replacement with solid acids and develop a sustainable esterification process based on catalytic reactive distillation (8). The alternative of using solid acid catalysts in a reactive distillation process reduces the energy consumption and manufacturing pollution (i.e., less separation steps, no waste/salt streams). 

Fig. 5.6 C02-savings by use of biofuels made from energy crops according to Schmitz (2003), Quirin et al. (2004), CONCAWE (2006), Hill (2007) and BMELV (2007b). Conversion pathways 1 Straight oil —> Drive 2 Biodiesel —> Drive 3 Grain —> Heat 4 Ethanol —> Drive 5 Ethanol —> Heat Power 6 Ethanol —> Drive 7 Bales —> Heat Power 8 BtL —> Drive 9 Methanol —> Drive 10 Ethanol —> Drive 11 Biogas —> Drive 12 Biogas —> Heat Power 13 Chips — Heat 14 Chips —> Heat Power 15 BtL —> Drive...

BP has investments in an ethanol plant with DuPont and Associated British Foods. It is also investing in cellulosic ethanol research and developing jatropha as a biodiesel feedstock. BP and DuPont are planning a biobutanol demonstration plant and BP would like to eventually convert their ethanol plant to biobutanol production. BP has a 400 million investment with Associated British Foods and DuPont to build a bioethanol plant in the U.K. that may be converted to biobutanol. It has spent 500 million over 10 years at the Energy Biosciences Institute in California to research future biofuels and 9.4 million over 10 years to fund the Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) in India to study the production of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas. It also has a 160 million joint venture with D1 Oils to develop the planting of Jatropha curcas. 

The United States passed the Energy Policy Act in 1992. One goal was to reduce the amount of petroleum used for transportation by promoting the use of alternative fuels in cars and light trucks. These fuels included natural gas, methanol, ethanol, propane, electricity, and biodiesel. Alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) can operate on these fuels and many are dual fueled also running on gasoline. 

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