Energy biodiesel manufacturing

During the last decade many industrial processes shifted towards using solid acid catalysts (6). In contrast to liquid acids that possess well-defined acid properties, solid acids contain a variety of acid sites (7). Sohd acids are easily separated from the biodiesel product they need less equipment maintenance and form no polluting by-products. Therefore, to solve the problems associated with liquid catalysts, we propose their replacement with solid acids and develop a sustainable esterification process based on catalytic reactive distillation (8). The alternative of using solid acid catalysts in a reactive distillation process reduces the energy consumption and manufacturing pollution (i.e., less separation steps, no waste/salt streams). 

Chinese wax is used in perfumery and skin polishing. Japan wax is used for the manufacture of polishing creams for floors, footwear and furniture and for the manufacture of candles and matches and in the cosmetics industry. Jojoba oil is a liquid it is therefore used for the production of fat emulsions and moisturisers in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries, as a carrier for speciality fragrances and as a lubricant for delicate mechanisms. It has also been considered as a low-energy replacement for edible fats. The wax prepared from the oil is used as a polishing wax, in the manufacture of carbon paper and linoleum. It also has a potential use as a biodiesel fuel. 

Numerous studies have reported the comparison of diesel, natural gas, and diesel/bio-diesel blends (Demirbas, 2010). Owing to the ease of the manufacturing process, biodiesel has a good energy return. It also offers important benefits in terms of emissions and could play a vital role in the energy economy if higher crop productivities are achieved. 

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