Biocides tributyltin

An even more pronounced case involves the sorption of the two biocides, tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) to AHA. Because of their very high toxicity toward... 

Organo-tin compounds have been used as catalysts, stabilisers for plastics and biocides. Tributyltin (TBT) species are very effective biocides, and have been incorporated as active agents in antifouling compounds for marine applications. However, TBT has seriously affected other marine organisms such as oysters, crabs and fish even at parts per billion and lower concentrations in water. Consequendy, the determinations of low levels of TBT and dibutyl tin (DBT), its less toxic primary degradation product in water and in biological materials, are very important. 

Recently, there has been much interest in developing water-soluble tributyltin biocides to lessen the costs of application, and to prevent fire hazards when treating material in confined spaces. Bis(tributyltin) oxide itself has a very low aqueous solubility ( 0.001%), but it may be made water-dispersible by the addition of certain (534, 535) quaternary ammonium salts. Formulations of this type, although currently under development as wood preservatives (534), have been used extensively in the United Kingdom for the treatment of stonework to eradicate fungal growths, algae, mosses, and lichens (535). 

As mentioned earlier, water-based, tributyltin-based biocides are attracting much interest at the present time, and one such formulation has been developed in the United Kingdom for the prevention of fouling in sea-water cooling-systems (546). 

Tributyltin and triphenyltin compounds are used as wood preservative fungicides, agrochemical fungicides, and as miticides and biocides in marine paints. 

Triphenyl- and tributyltin compounds have strongly biocidal properties and are employed in some agricultural fungicides and wood preservatives42. Other possible applications include disinfectants for use in hospitals and for the eradication of snails that transmit bilharzia. However, these compounds are potentially hazardous because of the ease with which they inhibit oxidative phosphorylation in man. Oral administration of diethyltin diiodide as a treatment for boils led to many deaths43. ... 

The observation that imposex occurred primarily in marinas suggested causality with some contaminant originating from such facilities. Field experiments demonstrated that neogastropods transferred from pristine sites to marinas often developed imposex. Laboratory studies eventually implicated tributyltin, a biocide used in marine paints, as the cause of imposex. Tributyltin is toxic to most marine species evaluated in the... 

Trisubstituted organotins are useful biocides in agriculture and industry. They function as fungicides, bactericides, antihelminthics, and rodent repellents (WHO 1980). Tributyltins are used as antifoulants in marine paints but are restricted by the Organotin Antifouling Paints Control Act (June 16, 1988) which limits the type of vessel on which these paints can be used and sets acceptable release limits (U.S. Bureau of Mines 1989). Bis(tributyltin)oxide is used as a preservative for wood products, leather, ropes, fabrics, and paper. 

Tributyltm species, especially (Bu3Sn)20 and tributyltin phosphate and naphthenate, have been used in wood preservation as fungicides and as biocides for destructive insects. Tributyltins (and to a lesser extent, triphenyltins) have been used in marine antifoulant paints due to their broad range activity. The use of organotin polymers in which the... 

The triorganotin species have been used as industrial biocides for over 30 years [117, 118]. Examples are triphenyltin hydroxide (structure 5) for fungal diseases on celery, rice, sugar beets, and coffee tricyclohexylstannyl-1,2,4-triazole (structure 6) as an acaricide for apple, pear, and citrus fruit trees bistributyltin oxide (structure 7) as a wood preservative and tributyltin-methylacrylate monomers (structure 8) polymerized with other acrylates to yield a marine antifoulant polymer that prevents the build of up barnacles, algae, and other marine animals on ships. 

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