Antifouling organotin

The advantages claimed for organotin polymer-based antifouling paints include constant toxicant deHvery vs time, erosion rate and toxicant deHvery are controUable, no depleted paint residue to remove and dispose, 100% utilization of toxicant, polishing at high erosion rates, surface is self-cleaning, and function is continuously reactivated. 

In more recent years two new types of antifouling composition have been developed, using organometallic compounds as poisons. In one type, based chiefly on vinyl resin and organotin compounds (e.g. tributyltin fluoride), the poison and resin form a solid solution. As the poison dissolves from the surface of the film, more poison diffuses from deeper in the film to... 

Despite the widespread use of organotin(IV)-based antifouling paints, in recent years there has been increasing concern regarding the impact of these chemicals on the environment. Particular concern has been expressed as concerns the effect of aqueous [BusSnirV)]" on oyster farming. This topic has been reviewed by Tsangaris et al. ... 

The appreciable advances in the field of organotin compounds are associated with the elucidation of their mechanisms of formation, detection of new properties and their application as biocides, stabilizers, antifouling, and antimicrobic coatings, etc. 

Pocurull et al. [130] used the online solid-phase extraction GCMS preconcentration method to determine organotin antifouling compounds in seawater 10 ng/1 detection limits were achieved using a 10 ml sample. 

Ferrer and Barcelo [131] used online solid-phase-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry for the simultanous determination of organotin antifouling herbicides in marine water. The solid-phase extraction was carried out on polymeric cartridges after percolation of 100 ml of the seawater sample, and... 

Organotin levels of the sediments, especially in tributyltin, are found to be very high compared with those of waters. It has been shown that Bu3Sn+, like other organometallics, is adsorbed rapidly by marine and other sediments. The sediment therefore represents a sink for Bu3Sn+ leached from the antifouling coating of boats. 

Bis(tributyltin)oxide in antifouling paint was found to change to tributyltin chloride and an unknown organotin species by Allen and coworkers106. The organotin species appear to be held strongly within the paint film. In the case of triphenyltin chloride and triphenyltin acetate, evidence of dephenylation to form diphenyltin and monophenyltin compounds has been obtained. 

Recently, pollution by organotin compounds was extensive in the environment and its effects on human health are feared. Organotin compounds such as tributyltin and triphenyltin, which are widely used in antifouling paints for ships and fishing nets, are very toxic to aquatic organisms38. These compounds may be accumulated in various organisms through the food chain. 

In aquatic environments, organotin concentrations were elevated in sediments, biota, and surface water microlayers collected near marinas, aquaculture rearing pens, and other facilities where organotin-based antifouling paints were used. In some cases, organotin concentrations in the water... 

Dixon, D.R. and H. Prosser. 1986. An investigation of the genotoxic effects of an organotin antifouling compound (bis (tributyltin) oxide) on the chromosomes of the edible mussel, Mytilus edulis. Aquat. Toxicol. 8 185-195. 

Gray, B.H., C.L. Gaworski, J. Horton, C.D. Flemming, and L.H. Lee. 1985. Comparative dermal irritation by tributyltin and organotin-containing antifouling paints. Jour. Toxicol. Cutan. Ocul. Toxicol. 4 105-116. 

Messiha, N.N. and N.E. Ikladious. 1986. Antifouling performance of some new organotin polymers in the Mediterranean and Red Sea. Jour. Controlled Release 3 235-242. 

Thomas, T.E. and M.G. Robinson. 1986. The physiological effects of the leachates from a self-polishing organotin antifouling paint on marine diatoms. Mar. Environ. Res. 18 215-229. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1987. Tributyltin. Technical support document. Position document 2/3. Mimeo. 152 pp. Avail, from U.S. Environ. Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides Programs, Registration Division, Special Review Branch, 401 M Street S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460. U.S. Navy (USN). 1984. Environmental Assessment of Fleetwide Use of Organotin Antifouling Paint. U.S. 

Omae, I. Organotin antifouling paints and their alternatives. Applied Organometallic Chemistiy, 17 (2003), 81-105. 

Vallee-Rehel, K., Langlois, V., Guerin, P. Contribution of pedant ester group hydrolysis to the erosion of acrylic polymers in binders aimed at organotin-free antifouling paints. Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation, 6(4)... 

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