Biochemistry fatty acids

McGarry, J. D., and Foster, D. W., 1980. Regulation of hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketone body production. Annual Review of Biochemistry 49 395-420. 

Jeffcoat, R., 1979. The bio.syndie.sis of nn.satnrated fatty acids and its control in mammalian liver. Essays in Biochemistry 15 1-36. 

Wakil, S., 1989. Fatty acid synthase, a proficient multifunctional enzyme. Biochemistry 28 4523-4530. 

Wakil, S., Stoops, J. K, andjoshi, V. C., 1983. Fatty acid syntliesis and its regulation. Annual Review of Biochemistry 52 537—579. 

Schulz, H. (1985). Oxidation of fatty acids. In Biochemistry of Lipids and Membranes (Vance, D.E. 

Guidon, P.T. Hightower, L.E. (1986). Purification and initial characterization of the 71-kilodalton rat heat-shock protein and its cognate as fatty acid binding proteins. Biochemistry, 25, 3231-9. 

One major prerequisite for the maintenance of health is that there be optimal dietary intake of a number of chemicals the chief of these are vitamins, certain amino acids, certain fatty acids, various minerals, and water. Because much of the subject matter of both biochemistry and nutrition is concerned with the smdy of various aspects of these chemicals, there is a close relationship between these two sciences. Moreover, more emphasis is being placed on systematic attempts to maintain health and forestall disease, ie, on preventive medicine. Thus, nutritional approaches to—for example—the prevention of atherosclerosis and cancer are receiving increased emphasis. Understanding nutrition depends to a great extent on a knowledge of biochemistry. 

Salati LM, Goodridge AG Fatty acid synthesis in eukaryotes. In Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes. Vance DE, Vance JE (editors). Elsevier, 1996. 

Figure 41-5. Diagram of a section of a bilayer membrane formed from phospholipid molecules. The unsaturated fatty acid tails are kinked and lead to more spacing between the polar head groups, hence to more room for movement. This in turn results in increased membrane fluidity. (Slightly modified and reproduced, with permission, from Stryer L Biochemistry, 2nd ed. Freeman, 1981.)...

Labeque, R. and Marnett, L. (1988). Reaction of haematin with allylic fatty acid hydroperoxides. Biochemistry 27, 7060-7070. 

Herr, F.H., Matarese, V., Bernlohr, D.A. and Storch, J. (1995) Surface lysine residues modulate the collisional transfer of fatty acid from adipocyte fatty acid binding protein to membranes. Biochemistry 34, 11840-11845. 

Kennedy, M.W., Brass, A., McCruden, A.B., Price, N.C., Kelly, S.M. and Cooper, A. (1995b) The ABA-1 allergen of the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum fatty acid and retinoid binding function and structural characterization. Biochemistry 34, 6700-6710. 

Sklar, L. A., Hudson, B. S. and Simoni, R. D. (1977). Conjugated polyene fatty-acids as fluorescent-probes - Synthetic phospholipid membrane studies. Biochemistry (Mosc). 16, 819-828. 

Shirane N, Sui Z, Peterson JA, et al. Cytochrome P450BM-3 (CYP102) regiospecificity of oxidation of omega-unsaturated fatty acids and mechanism-based inactivation. Biochemistry... 

Bloor, W.R. (1943). The Biochemistry of the Fatty Acids. Reinhold Publishing Co., New York. 

Lipids are an essential part of our diet and of our biochemical constitution. Cell membranes need phosphoacylglycerides and cholesterol to maintain their structure and function fat provides thermal and electrical insulation while fatty acids are an important fuel, especially for muscles like the heart. However, have you ever wondered why eating too much carbohydrate causes weight gain How do jam doughnuts and sweet desserts cause unwanted changes in body shape The answer, of course, lies in biochemistry. 

W. C. Galley, Heterogeneity in protein emission spectra, in Concepts of Biochemical Fluorescence Vol. 2 (R. F. Chen and H. Edelhoch, eds.), pp. 409-439, Marcel Dekker, New York (1976).32. S.-Y. Mao and A. H. Maki, Comparative phosphorescence and optically detected magnetic resonance studies of fatty acid binding to serum albumin, Biochemistry 26, 3576-3582 (1987). 

M. Vincent and J. Gallay, Time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy study of effect of a cis double bond on structure of lecithin and cholesterol-lecithin bilayers using n-(9-anthroyloxy) fatty acids as probes, Biochemistry 23, 6514-6522 (1984). 

C. D. Stubbs, W. M. Tsang, J. Belin, A. D. Smith, and S. M. Johnson, Incubation of exogenous fatty acids with lymphocytes. Changes in fatty add composition and effects on the rotational relaxation time of l,6-diphenyl-l,3,5-hexatriene, Biochemistry 19, 2756-2762 (1980). 

M. Vincent, B. de Foresta, J. Gallay, and A. Alfsen, Nanosecond fluorescence anisotropy decays of n-(9-anthroyloxy) fatty acids in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles with regard to isotropic solvents, Biochemistry 21, 708-716 (1982). 

A. M. Kleinfeld and M. F. Lukacovic, Energy-transfer study of cytochrome b5 using the anthroyloxy fatty acid membrane probes, Biochemistry 24, 1883-1890 (1985). 

Thiolester hydrolases (EC 3.1.2) play an important role in the biochemistry of lipids. They catalyze the hydrolysis of acyl-coenzyme A thiolesters of various chain lengths to free fatty acids and coenzyme A. The current list of over 20 specific enzymes includes acetyl-CoA hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.1), pal-mi toy 1-Co A hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.2), and an acyl-CoA hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.20) of broad specificity for medium- to long-chain acyl-CoA [128],... 

D. J. S. Riley, E. M. Kyger, C. A. Spilburg, L. G. Lange, Pancreatic Cholesterol Esterases. 2. Purification and Characterization of Human Pancreatic Fatty Acid Ethyl Esterase Synthase , Biochemistry 1990, 29, 3848-3852. 

Figure 7. Relationship of oxidation and degree of polyunsaturation. Polyunsaturation is measured as the methylene bridge index (MBI), which is a more precise measure of extent of unsaturation and oxidizability than the double bond index. It is the mean number of 6is-allylic methylene bridge positions per fatty acid (or fatty acyl chain) in a lipid ensemble. The rate of lipid radical formation measures formation of an oxidative product, while O2 consumption (% O2 lost per sec) is a measure of utilization of a reactant. (Drawn using our data abstracted from Wagner, B.A., Buettner, G.R., and Bums, C.P. 1994, Biochemistry 33 4449-4453).

Complex lipid classification scheme. Source-. After Lehninger, A. L, et al. (1993). Principles of Biochemistry, 2nd ed., W. H. Freeman, FA = fatty acid Glu = glucose Gal = galactose ROH = alcohol. 

Kurian, E. Kirk, W.R. Prendergast, E.G. Affinity of fatty acid for rRat intestinal fatty acid binding protein further examination. Biochemistry 1996, 35, 3865-3874. 

Coenzyme A is used as the alcohol part of thioesters, which are more reactive than oxygen esters (see Section 7.9.3) and are thus exploited in biochemistry in a wide range of reactions, e.g. fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism (see Section 15.5). 

Reverse Claisen reaction in biochemistry -oxidation of fatty acids... 

Perhaps the most important example of the reverse Claisen reaction in biochemistry is that involved in the P-oxidation of fatty acids, used to optimize energy release from storage fats, or fats ingested as food (see Section 15.4). In common with most biochemical sequences, thioesters rather than oxygen esters are utilized (see Box 10.8). 

The term condensation refers to the joining of two molecules with the splitting out of a smaller molecule. The Claisen condensation is used extensively in the synthesis of dicarbonyl compounds. In biochemistry it is used to build fatty acids in the body. The Dieckmann condensation, the crossed Claisen condensation, and others (with other carbanions) cire variations of the Claisen condensation. In this section we briefly look at these variations. 

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