Biochemical Fluorescence

and Hirschberg, J. G. (eds.) 1996, Aruilytical Use of Fluorescent Probes in Oncology, Plenum Ftess, New York, 448 pp. 

and E lhoch, H. (eds.) 1975, Biochemical Fluorescence Concepts, Vol. 1, Marcel Dekker New York, 408 pp. 

and Edeihoch, H. (eds.) 1976, Bidchanical Fluorescence Concepts, bl. 2, Marcel Dekker, New York, pp.410-944. 

Biophysical and Biochemical Aspects of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Plenum ftess. New Yort 294 pp. 

SloDer, R. F. (ed.), 1983, Exdted States afBU tofymers, Flemim ness. New Yoik, 2S8 pp. 

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Chen R. F. and Edelhoch H. (Eds) (1975, 1976) Biochemical Fluorescence. Concepts, Vols. 1 and 2, Marcel Dekker, New York. 

R. W. Cowgill, Tyrosyl fluorescence in proteins and model peptides, in Biochemical Fluorescence Concepts 2 (R. F. Chen and H. Edelhoch, eds.), pp. 441 186, Marcel Dekker, New York (1976). 

As expected, strong electron-deficient substituents in the position 5 orient the incoming nitro group exclusively to the position 7 [ 150,151 ]. 7-Nitrobenzofurazans possess fluorescent properties and may be useful as biochemical fluorescent probes [152], Some examples of obtaining dinitrobenzofurazans by nitration are described in references [153, 154],... 

In recent years nonlinear optical materials on the basis of nitroazoles, especially nitrobenzoxazoles and nitrobenzoxadiazoles, have investigated under intense scrutiny, at that and UV and fluorescence spectroscopy is widely used in studying of their structure and dynamics [1202-1225], 4-Aminosubstituted 7-nitrobenzofura-zans have a strong band in the visible region ( =457-483 nm) due to their chromophore properties [777]. 4-Substituted 7-nitrobenzofurazans possess a strong fluorescence that has led to their use as biochemical fluorescent probes in cell membranes [777, 1226-1228],... 

Dale, R.E., Eisinger, J. (1975) Polarized Excitation Energy Transfer, in Biochemical Fluorescence ... 

Discussions of biochemical fluorescence h uently start with the subject of wot n fluorescence. Hiis is because, among biopolymers. wotons are unique in dis rf ing useful intrinsic fluorescMice. Lipids, membranes, and saccharides are essenrially nonfluoresc t. and the intrinsic fluorescence of DNA is too weak to be useful In proteins, the three anxnatic amino acids— dienylalanine. t osine. and try ptc han—are all fluorescent A favorable feature of protein structure is that these three amino acids are relatively rare in proteins. Tryptophan, which is the dominant intrinsic fluorophore, is generally present at about 1 mol % in proteins. A protein may possess just one or a few tryptophan residues, which facilitates interpretation of the spectral data. If all 20 amino acids were fluorescent, it is probable that arotein emission would be too complex to int ret. 

Howeva, if the sample consists of a mixture of two fluoro-phores, or a single fluotophore that diqrlays two decay times, dien die fluorescence decay is doubly exponential. Multiexponentiai decays are fieqnendy encountered in biochemical fluorescence, and still more complex decays are found fen colUsional quenching cn in the pretence of spectral relaxation. Phase angles and demodulation factors may still be measured, but these values, when interpreted according to Eqs. [22.1] and [22.2], yield only apparent, and not actual, lifetimes. 

Biochemical Fluorescence Concepts, vol. 1. Marcel-Dekker, New York. 

Chen, R.F. Measurements of absolute values in biochemical fluorescence spectroscopy. J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. 76A, 593-606 (1972)... 

The binding of dye molecules onto DNA strands is an important process in biochemistry [28]. Depending on its nature, this interaction may result in mutagenic, carcinogenic, and cytotoxic properties of the chromophore so that specific dyes have been suggested for the use as antitumor pharmaceuticals. Furthermore DNA binding dyes have been extensively used as stains in biochemical fluorescence microscopy work. 

Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are attracting great interest in applications such as display devices and biochemical fluorescent tag due to their photo stable, size-tunable, narrow bandwidth photoluminescence and chemically functionalizable surfaces[l], QDs also can emit intense light in the region from near-infrared to ultraviolet due to exciton recombination [2,3],... 

Steinberg I (1975) Circular polarization of fluorescence. In Chen RF and EdeUioch H (eds) Biochemical Fluorescence Concepts. New York Marcel Dekker. 

Wahl, P. 1975, "Decay of Fluorescence Anisotropy" in "Concepts in Biochemical Fluorescence" ed. by R.F, Chen and M. Edelhoch, Marcel Dekker, pp. 1. 

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