Electrode bienzyme

Background current, 21, 65 Background subtraction, 40, 106 Bacteria electrode, 182 Band microelectrodes, 130, 135 Beryllium, 82 Bienzyme electrodes, 175 Biocatalytic devices, 172 Biological recognition, 171 Biosensors, 50, 171 Bipotentiostat, 106 Blood electrolyte, 165 Boltzmann equation, 19 Brain analysis, 40, 116 Butler-Volmer equation, 14... 

N. Pena, R. Tarrega, A.J. Reviejo and J.M. Pingarron, Reticulated vitreous carbon-based composite bienzyme electrodes for the determination of alcohols in beer samples, Anal. Lett., 35(12) (2002) 1931-1944. 

B. Serra, A.J. Reviejo, C. Parrado and J.M. Pingarron, Graphite-Teflon composite bienzyme electrodes for the determination of L-lactate application to food samples, Biosens. Bioelectron., 14(5) (1999) 505-513. A.A.J. Torriero, E. Salinas, F. Battaglini and J. Raba, Milk lactate determination with a rotating bioreactor based on an electron transfer mediated by osmium complexes incorporating a continuous-flow/ stopped-flow system, Anal. Chim. Acta, 498(1-2) (2003) 155-163. 

Eremenko, A.V. Makower, A. Bauer, C.G. Kurochkin, I.N. Scheller, F.W. A bienzyme electrode for tyrosine-containing peptides determination. Electroanalysis 1997, 9, 288-292. 

Fig. 3.7. Redox cycles for bilayer-bienzyme electrodes incorporating a flavoenzyme, horseradish peroxidase and a polsmieric electron relay system.

Mackey, D., Killard, A.J., and Ambrosi, A. (2007) Optimizing the ratio of horseradish peroxidase and glucose oxidase on a bienzyme electrode comparison of a theoretical and... 

The linear approach described here is expandable to multienzyme electrodes as well as multilayer electrodes. At least for the stationary case, multilayer models of bienzyme electrodes may be easily treated, too. The whole system is readily adaptable to potentiometric electrodes (Carr and Bowers, 1980). It must be noted, however, that the superiority over purely numerical solution procedures decreases with increasing number of enzyme species and in the multilayer model. The advantage in calculation speed using the sum formulas described (e.g., in Section 2.5.2) amounts to about two orders of magnitude. With multilayer electrodes and formulas containing double and triple sums it is reduced to one order of magnitude. 

A bienzyme electrode comprising GOD and myrosinase coimmobilized on platinized carbon paper for the determination of the glycosino-lates progvitrin and sinigrin has been described by Koshy et al. (1988). The substrates, otherwise known as mustard oil glycosides, were deter-... 

For creatine determination the appropriate bienzyme electrode was used. Creatinine and creatine could be assayed in parallel by combining a trienzyme electrode and a bienzyme electrode. Both electrodes reached a steady signal 2 min after sample addition. With a 25 pi sample volume the linear range was 1-100 mg/1. The sensors were stable for more than 500 measurements. The CV of creatine determination in serum was 1.3% with 21.7 mg/1 and 11.7% with 8.2 mg/1, and a day-to-day CV of 8.4% was achieved. Comparison with the Jaffe method for 55 serum... 

Since the sensor signal was linear over the normal range of 2.1-6.9 U/g hemoglobin, and only decreased activities are of clinical relevance, the bienzyme electrode is suitable for the measurement of any clinically possible value. 

Riidel, U., O. Geschke, and K. Cammann. 2005. Entrapment of enzymes in electropolymers for biosensors and graphite felt based flow-through enzyme reactors. Electroanalysis 8 (12) 1135. Chaubey, A., K.K. Pande, M.K. Pandey, and V.S. Singh. 2001. Signal amplification by substrate recycling on polyaniline/lactate oxidase/lactate dehydrogenase bienzyme electrodes. App Biochem Biotechnol 96 (l-3) 239. 

Figure 2. Current-time recording obtained at the bienzyme electrode on increasing the p-aminophenol (PAP) concentration in 1 nM (1) and 10 pM (2) steps. 1-in the presence of glucose (25 mM) 2 - in glucose-free solution.

M. Niculescu, C. Nistor, I. Frebort, P. Pec, B. Mattiasson, E. Csoregi, Redox hydrogel based amperometric bienzyme electrodes for fish freshness monitoring, Analytical Chemistry 2000, 72, 1591. 

Kulys JJ, Sorochinskii VV, Vidziunaite RA (1986) Transient response of bienzyme electrodes. Biosensors 2 135-146... 

Butyryl-choline detection in such a system can be realized by two different coupling approaches (i) co-immobilization of butyrylcholinesterase on a choline bienzyme electrode, which results in a tri-enzyme electrochemical sensing system (ii) use of solubilized butyrylcholinesterase in a coupled system with an electrode for choline determination, by addition of standard amounts of the dissolved enzyme to the measuring cell. In both cases butyrylcholinesterase activity affects the choline electrode response providing the presence of choline in the solution. Both coupling approaches are suitable for analysis of butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors such as organophosphorus compounds. 

As detailed in the preceding section, several ideas have been proposed to overcome the problems caused by the high potential of H2O2 oxidation. Among them is the concept of bienzyme electrodes. Hydrogen peroxide produced from GOD can be detected at lower potential values by the use of HRP coimmobilized with... 

The deleterious effects of H2O2 produced by GOD could be eliminated by incorporating this enzyme with catalase into a PPy film [79]. Such a bienzyme electrode responded to glucose with high sensitivity and specificity. 

Anicet, A., Bourdillon, C., Moiroux, J., Savdant, J.-M. Step-by-step avidin-biotin construction of bienzyme electrodes. Kinetic analysis of the coupling between the catalytic activities of immobihzed mono-molecular layers of glucose oxidase and hexokinase. Langmuir 1999,15, 6527-6533. 

Peptides can also be determined potentiometrically using enzyme electrodes. Aspartame, a dipeptide sugar substitute, is determined using a bienzyme electrode, the two enzymes catalysing the following reactions successively [126] ... 

When enzyme sensors are combined with FIA they have applications in medicine and the food produce industry. For example, FIA has been combined with the glucose oxidase electrode to determine glucose in blood [270], with the choline oxidase electrode for the determination of cholinesterase in serum [271], and with a bienzyme electrode that uses choline oxidase and phospholipase for the determination of phospholipids in serum [272]. The technique has also been used with an alcohol oxidase electrode to determine alcohol in drinks (for example, beers) [273], or with a glucose oxidase electrode to determine glucose [274] in various foodstuffs [275] or in fermentation processes [276]. 

Pfeiffer D., Scheller F., Janchen M., Bertermann K. and Weise H. (1980) Bienzyme electrodes for ATP, NAD+, starch and disaccharides based on a glucose sensor. Anal. Letters, 13, 1179-1200. 

Comtat M., Galy M., Goulas P. and Souppe J. (1988) Amperometric bienzyme electrode for L-camitine. Anal. Chim. Acta, 208, 295-300. 

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