Beta-peptides

Raguse, T. L., Lai, J. R., LePlae, P. R., and Gellman, S. H. Toward beta-peptide tertiary stmcture Self-association of an... 

Saudek V, Pivcova H, Drobnik J (1981) NMR-study of poly(aspartic acid). 2. Alpha-peptide and beta-peptide bonds in poly(aspartic acid) prepared by common methods. Biopolymers 20 1615-1623... 

Paris D, Ait-Ghezala G, Mathura VS, Patel N, Quadros A, Laporte V, et al. Anti-angiogenic activity of the mntant Dntch A(beta) peptide on human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2005 136 212-30. 

Gendelman HE, Persidsky Y (2005) Infections of the nervous system. Lancet Neurol 4 12-13 Gerard C, Rollins BJ (2001) Chemokines and disease. Nat Immunol 2 108-115 Gitter BD, Cox LM, Rydel RE, May PC (1995) Amyloid beta peptide potentiates cytokine secretion by interleukin-1 beta-activated human astrocytoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92 10738-10741 GiuUan D, Yu J, Li X, Tom D, Li J, Wendt E, Lin SN, Schwarcz R, Noonan C (1996) Study of receptor-mediated neurotoxins released by HIV-1-infected mononuclear phagocytes found in human brain. J Neurosci 16 3139-3153... 

Wilson DM, Binder LI. Free fatty acids stimulate the polymerization of tau and amyloid beta peptides. In vitro evidence for a common effector of pathogenesis in Alzheimer s disease. Am J Pathol 1997 150 2181-2195. 

Fraser PE, McLachlan DR, Surewicz WK, Mizzen CA, Snow AD, Nguyen JT, Kirschner DA. Conformation and fibrillogenesis of Alzheimer A beta peptides with selected substitution of charged residues. J Mol Biol 1994 244 64-73. 

Soto C, Castano EM, Kumar RA, Beavis RC, Frangione B. Fibrillogenesis of synthetic amyloid-beta peptides is dependent on their initial secondary structure. Neurosci Lett 1995 200 105-108. 

Soto C, Castano EM, Frangione B, Inestrosa NC. The alpha-helica to beta-strand transition in the amino-terminal fragment of the amyloid beta-peptide modulates amyloid formation. J Biol Chem 1995 270 3063-3067. 

Terenius L, Nordstedt C. Controlling amyloid beta-peptide fibril formation with protease-stable ligands. J Biol Chem 1997 272 12601-12605. 

Salomon AR, Marcinowski KJ, Friedland RP, Zagorski MG. Nicotine inhibits amyloid formation by the beta-peptide. Biochemistry 1996 35 13568-13578. 

Schmechel, D. E., Saunders, A. M., Strittmatter, W. J. et al. Increased amyloid beta-peptide deposition in cerebral cortex as a consequence of apolipoprotein E genotype in late-onset Alzheimer disease. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 9649-9653, 1993. 

Haass, C. Take five—BACE and the gamma-secretase quartet conduct Alzheimer s amyloid beta-peptide generation. EMBO J. 23 483-488, 2004. 

Edbauer, D., Winkler, E., Haass, C. and Steiner, H. Presenilin and nicastrin regulate each other and determine amyloid beta- peptide production via complex formation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99 8666-8671, 2002. 

Li, R., Lindholm, K., Yang, L. B. et al. Amyloid beta peptide load is correlated with increased beta-secretase activity in sporadic Alzheimer s disease patients. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101 3632-3637, 2004. 

Bard, F., Cannon, C., Barbour, R. et al. Peripherally administered antibodies against amyloid beta-peptide enter the central nervous system and reduce pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Nature Med. 6 916-919,2000. 

Nicoll, J. A., Wilkinson, D., Holmes, C. etal. Neuropathology of human Alzheimer disease after immunization with amyloid-beta peptide a case report. Nature Med. 9 448 452, 2003. 

Chambers RD, Fox MA, Sandford G (2005) Elemental fluorine - Part 18. Selective Direct Fluorination of 1,3-Ketoesters and 1,3-Diketones using Gas/ Liquid Microreactor Technology. Lab Chip 5 1132-1139 Cheng RP, Gellman SH, DeGrado WF (2001) Beta-Peptides From Structure to Function. Chem Rev 101 3219-3232... 

Flogel O, Codee JDC, Seebach D, Seeberger PH (2006) Microreactor Synthesis of Beta-Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed 45 7000-7003 Geyer K, Codee JDC, Seeberger PH (2006) Microreactors as Tools for Synthetic Chemists - The Chemists Round-Bottomed Flask of the 21st Century Chem Eur J 12 8434-8442... 

Lelais G, Seebach D, Jaun B, Mathad RI, Flogel O, Rossi F, Campo M, Wort-mann A (2006) Beta-Peptidic Secondary Structures fortified and enforced by Zn2+ Complexation - On the Way to Beta-Peptidic Zinc Fingers Helv Chim Acta 89 361 103... 

Saaby S, Knudsen KR, Ladlow M, Ley SV (2005) The Use of a Continuous Flow-Reactor Employing a Mixed Flydrogen-Liquid Flow Stream for the Efficient Reduction of Imines to Amines. Chem Commun 23 2909-2911 Seebach D, Overhand M, Kilhnle FNM, Martinoni D, Oberer L, Hommel U, Widmer H (1996) Beta-Peptides Synthesis by Arndt-Eistert Homologation with Concomitant Peptide Coupling. Structure Determination by NMR and CD Spectroscopy and by X-ray Crystallography. Helical Secondary Structure of a Beta-Hexapeptide in Solution and its Stability Towards Pepsin. Helv Chim Acta 79 913-941... 

Watts P, Wiles C, Haswell SJ, Pombo-ViUar E, Styring P (2001) The Synthesis of Peptides Using Microreactors. Chem Comm 11 990-991 Watts P, Wiles C, Haswell S, Pombo-Villar E (2002a) Investigation of Racemi-sation in Peptide Synthesis within a Microreactor. Lab Chip 2 141-144 Watts P, Wiles C, Haswell S, Pombo-Villar E (2002b) Solution Phase Synthesis of Beta-Peptides Using Microreactors. Tetrahedron 58 5427-5439... 

Perutz, M. F., Pope, B. J., Owen, D., Wanker, E. E., and Scherzinger, E. (2002b). Aggregation of proteins with expanded glutamine and alanine repeats of the glutamine-rich and asparagine-rich domains of Sup35 and of the amyloid beta-peptide of amyloid plaques. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 5596-5600. 

Shanmugam, G., andjayakumar, R. (2004). Structural analysis of amyloid beta peptide fragment (25—35) in different microenvironments. Biopolymers 76, 421—134. 

Tjernberg, L. O., Callaway, D. J., Tjemberg, A., Hahne, S., Lilliehook, C., Terenius, L., Thyberg, J., and Nordstedt, C. (1999). A molecular model of Alzheimer amyloid beta-peptide fibril formation./ Biol. Chem. 274, 12619-12625. 

Dahlgren, K.N., Manelli, A.M., Stine, W.B., Jr., Baker, L.K., Krafft, G.A., and LaDu, M.J., Oligomeric and fibrillar species of amyloid-beta peptides differentially affect neuronal viability, J. Biol. Chem., 277, 32046, 2002. 

Puglielli, L., Konopka, G., Pack-Chung, E., Ingano, L.A., Berezovska, O., Hyman, B.T., Chang, T.Y., Tanzi, R.E., and Kovacs, D.M., Acyl-coenzyme A cholesterol acyltransferase modulates the generation of the amyloid beta-peptide, Nat. Cell Biol., 3, 905, 2001. 

Lahiri DK, Farlow MR, Sambamurti K. (1998). The secretion of amyloid beta-peptides is inhibited in the tacrine-treated human neuroblastoma cells. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 62(2) 131-40. 

Yatin SM, Yatin M, Aulick T, Ain KB, Butterfield DA. (1999). Alzheimer s amyloid beta-peptide associated free radicals increase rat embryonic neuronal polyamine uptake and ornithine decarboxylase activity protective effect of vitamin E. Neurosci Lett. 263(1) 17-20. 

Several additional useful publications demonstrating practical applications of CE/MS methods for neurotransmitter analysis and neuropharmaceutical studies are those of Larsson and Lutz (2000) (neuropeptides including substance P) Hettiarachchi et al. (2001) (synthetic opioid peptides) Varesio et al. (2002) (amyloid-beta peptide) Zamfir and Peter-Katalinic (2004) (gangliosides) Peterson et al. (2002) (catecholamines and metanephrines) Cherkaoui and Veuthey (2002) (fluoxetine) and Smyth and Brooks (2004) (various lower molecular weight molecules including benzodiazepines, steroids, and cannabinols). 

Varesio E, Rudaz S, Krause KH, Veuthey JL. 2002. Nanoscale liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis coupled to electrospray mass spectrometry for the detection of amyloid-beta peptide related to Alzheimer s disease. 

MiravaUe, L., Tokuda, T., Chiarle, R., et al. (2000) Substitutions at codon 22 of Alzheimer s A-beta peptide induce diverse conformational changes and apoptotic effects in human cerebral endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem., 275, 27110-27116. 

Gervais, F.G., Xu, D., Robertson, G.S., et al. (1999) Involvement of caspases in proteolytic cleavage of Alzheimer s amyloid-beta precursor protein and amyloidogenic A-beta peptide formation. Cell, 97, 395 06. 

Phiel, C.J., Wilson, C.A., Lee, V.M., Klein, P.S. (2003) GSK-3alpha regulates production of Alzheimer s disease amyloid-beta peptides. Nature, 423, 435-439. 

Oba, R., Igarashi, A., Kamata, M., Nagata, K., Takano, S., Nakagawa, H. (2005) The N-terminal active centre of human angiotensin-converting enzyme degrades Alzheimer amyloid beta-peptide. Eur. J. Neurosci., 21,133-740. 

Zhao H, Davies P, Marambaud P. (2005) Resveratrol promotes clearance of Alzheimer s disease amyloid-beta peptides. J Bio Chem 280 37377-37382. 

Qiu, W. Q. and Folstein, M. F. (2006). Insulin, insulin-degrading enzyme and amyloid-beta peptide inn Alzheimer s disease Review and hypothesis. Neurobiol. Aging 27,190-198. 

B7. Blasko, I., Wagner, M., Whitaker, N., Grubeck-Loebenstein, B., and Jansen-Durr, R, The amyloid beta peptide abeta (25-35) induces apoptosis independent of p53. FEES Lett. 470,221-225 (2000). 

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