Benzocaine anesthetic

AMR See aminomethyl propanol, cyclic aminomethyl propanol AMP-95. See aminomethyl propanol amphetamines, 160 amyl p-methoxy cinnamate, 5 amylase, 87, 155 amylopectin, 144-145 amylose, 31-32, 144-145, 152 analgesics. See pain relievers anesthesin. See benzocaine anesthetics, 60, 172-175, 229 annatto, 105-106, 107, 114, 117 antacids, 169 anthocyanins, 109-111 antibacterials, 13, 25, 26,42, 67, 86,... 

Medicinals. Many esters are used as pharmaceuticals (105,106). Of these, benzocaine, ethyl 4-aminobenzoate [94-09-7] is a topical anesthetic. Phenyl saHcylate [118-55-8] (1) has antipyretic, antirheumatic, and antiparasitic properties. 

A chance observation made some time prior to the full structural elucidation of cocaine in fact led to one of the more important lasses of local anesthetics. It was found that the simple ethyl e. ter of p-aminobenzoic acid, benzocaine (25), showed activity. 1-. a local anesthetic. It is of interest to note that this drug, I 1rst introduced in 1903, is still in use today. Once the struc-iiire of cocaine was established, the presence of an alkanolamine iiiniety in cocaine prompted medicinal chemists to prepare esters "I aminobenzoic acids with acyclic alkanolamines. Formula 26 11 presents the putative relationship of the target substances with cocaine. 

Topical anesthetics temporarily inhibit the conduction of impulses from sensory nerve fibers. These drug s may be used to relieve itching and pain due to skin conditions, such as minor bums, fungus infections, insect bites, rashes, sunburn, and plant poisoning, such as poison ivy. Some are applied to mucous membranes as local anesthetics. Examples of local anesthetics include benzocaine (Lanacane), dibucadne (Nupereainal), and lidocaine (Xylocadne). 

Benzocaine is a topical anesthetic. It numbs any area to which it is applied. It is widely used in first-aid creams and sunburn remedies. 

Another topical anesthetic, similar to benzocaine, is lidocaine, which is used to relieve the pain of shingles (herpes zoster) infections. Lidocaine is called an amide anesthetic, because it is not an ester (the alcohol is replaced by an amide, the nitrogen group). Amide anesthetics are metabolized by the liver, and are less prone to cause allergic reactions. If an anesthetic has the letter i in the prefix (lidocaine, prilocaine, bupivacaine), it is an amide anesthetic. 

A number of anesthetic molecules, including procaine, benzocaine, chloroprocaine, butyl -aininobenzoate, and 2-aminopicoUne, possess primary amino groups. These groups provide a means for the attachment of the bioactive molecules to a pol3 hosphazene skeleton through the chemistry shown in Scheme I (33). 

Nonprescription topical anesthetics such as lidocaine and benzocaine are available in many types of products. Local anesthetics decrease discharges in superficial somatic nerves and cause numbness on the skin surface but do not penetrate deeper structures such as muscle where the pain often lies. 

A 29- year-old male requires suturing for a deep laceration in his palm. He is allergic to benzocaine. Which of the following local anesthetics could safely be used ... 

Benzocaine (ethoform) is a member of the group of local anesthetics lacking a nitrogen that can be protonated at physiological pH. It is used exclusively as a surface anesthetic. 

Sore tln-oat, swallowing problems. Demulcent lozenges containing surface anesthetics such as ethylamino-benzoate (benzocaine) or tetracaine (p. 208) may provide relief however,... 

Flypersensitivity to trimethobenzamide, benzocaine or similar local anesthetics parenteral use in children suppositories in premature infants or neonates. 

Benzocaine Antipyrine (Auralgan) [Otic Anesthetic] Uses Analgesia in severe otitis media Action Anesthetic w/ local decongestant Dose ... 

Benzocaine Street Names Coco snow, flat chucks and potato chips (crack cut w/ benzocaine) Use Cutting agent for crack (increases bulk of product and gives a numbing effect like cocaine) topical OTC anesthetic (brands many OTC topical forms) Actions Topical anesthetic used in many OTC products Effects Methemoglobinemia from excess topical or oral use. Over application of topical oral agents can impair gag reflex... 

Dextromethorphan hydrobromide is the D-isomer of levorphanol. It lacks CNS activity but acts at the cough center in the medulla to produce an antitussive effect. It is half as potent as codeine as an antitussive. Anecdotal reports of abuse exist, but studies of abuse potential are lacking. It has few side effects but does potentiate the activity of monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to hypotension and infrequently coma. Dextromethorphan is often combined in lozenges with the local anesthetic benzocaine, which blocks pain from throat irritation due to coughing. 

Benzocaine is a PABA derivative used primarily for topical application to skin and mucous membranes. Its low aqueous solubility allows it to stay at the site of application for long periods. Its minimal rate of absorption after topical administration is associated with a low incidence of systemic toxicity. Benzocaine is contraindicated in patients with known sensitivity to ester-linked anesthetics or PABA-containing compounds. 

Contraindications Hypersensitivity to benzocaine or ester-type local anesthetics, perforated tympanic membrane or ear discharge (otic preparations)... 

Contraindications Hypersensitivity to benzocaine or similar local anesthetics... 

The local anesthetics can be broadly categorized on the basis of the chemical nature of the linkage contained within the intermediate alkyl chain group. The amide local anesthetics include lidocaine (7.5), mepivacaine (7.6), bupivacaine (7.7), etidocaine (7.8), prilocaine (7.9), and ropivacaine (7.10) the ester local anesthetics include cocaine (7.11), procaine (7.12), benzocaine (7.13), and tetracaine (7.14). Since the pharmacodynamic interaction of both amide and ester local anesthetics with the same Na" channel receptor is essentially idenhcal, the amide and ester functional groups are bioisosterically equivalent. However, amide and ester local anesthetics are not equal from a pharmacokinetic perspective. Since ester links are more susceptible to hydrolysis than amide links. 

Local anesthetics (usually benzocaine) Antitussives/Lozenges Cepacol Instant Relief Sore Throat Lozenges Chloraseptic Sore Throat Sucrets Sucrets Complete... 

The method of drug administration or exposure to a poison may impart selectivity to a xenbiotic. For example, atropine can be applied directly to the eye for the dilation of the pupils. Note that eventual absorption into the blood stream from this site will cause systemic effects. Another example would be the topical (skin) application of a local anesthetic such as benzocaine. Monoclonal antibodies, which are specific for chemical functional groups, are tissue and cell-specific natural agents to which drugs can be chemically bonded. 

Benzocaine is an ester local anesthetic with a moderate onset of action and short duration. It is minimally absorbed and therfore relatively free from systemic adverse effects (toxic range of total dose 200 to 300 mg Tetzlaff, 2000). 

How might the structure of benzocaine be modified to create a compound having greater anesthetic properties ... 

Esters, which contain the C 0 C functional group, have many uses in medicine, industry, and living systems. In medicine, a number of important pharmaceutical agents, including aspirin and the local anesthetic benzocaine, are esters. In industry, polyesters such as Dacron and Mylar are used to make synthetic fibers and films. In nature, many simple esters are responsible for the fragrant odors of fruits and flowers. For example, pentyl acetate is found in bananas, and octyl acetate is found in oranges. 

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