Benzene sulfonic acid, anhydr

Anhydrous MeOH in the presence of an electrophilic catalyst, such as HCl, concentrated sulfuric acid, dichloroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, benzene sulfonic acid, polyphosphoric acid, p-toluene sulfonic acid, thionyl chloride, and perchloric acid is often used for the methylation of fatty acids. 

A low purity (40-80%) divinylbenzene and chloromethylstyrene were used in the presence of a Friedel-Crafts catalyst (AICI3) for the synthesis of a polymeric phenolic antioxidant from p-cresol and l,3-bis(l-hydroxy-l-methylethyl)benzene in the presence of p-toluene sulfonic acid [115]. The obtained product was either used directly as AO for thermosetting resins or was treated consecutively with a-methylstyrene [116] or /ert-butylalcohol [117]. Other polymeric phenolic AO were obtained by reaction of phenol with p-men thane-1,8-diol, l-p-menthen-8-ol or limonene [118] or of p-cresol with 3- or 4-chloromethylstyrene in the presence of BF3-etherate or anhydrous AICI3 [119] the product thus obtained was finally aralkylated by a-methylstyrene. Thermostabilizer and/or LS for PUR was obtained, e.g. 98. 

The mixture 5-8 (1 g) was either (1) dissolved in benzene (10 mL) containing toluene-p-sulfonic acid (5 mg), or (2) dissolved in anhydrous ether (20 mL) containing boron trifluoride-ether complex (2 drops). In each case, the mixture was stirred for 2 h at ambient temperature, then washed with aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate and water, dried, and concentrated. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column with ether-light petroleum 1 1 to give initially 5 (0.25 g, 25%) [a]jj — 48.3° (c 0.77, CHClj). Continued elution gave a-L-g/ycero-isomer 8 (0.5 g, 55%) [ol]jj + 11.6° (c 0.78, CHClj). 

Triton XL-80N Surfactant 4.1 Triton H-66 Surfactant (50%) 26.4 Sodium Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate (60%), LAS 24.5 Coconut Fatty Acid 1.6 Monoethanol amine, MEA 1.6 Citric Acid (anhydrous) 6.6 Sodium Hydroxide (50%) 6.7 Fluorescent Whitener 0 1 Water 28.4... 

Enamines and metalloenamines provide a valuable alternative to the use of eno-lates for the selective alkylation of aldehydes and ketones. Enamines are a,p-unsaturated amines and are obtained simply by reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with a secondary amine in the presence of a dehydrating agent, or by heating in benzene or toluene solution in the presence of toluene-/7-sulfonic acid (TsOH) as a catalyst, with azeotropic removal of water (1.31). Pyrrolidine and morpholine are common secondary amines useful for forming enamines. All of the steps of the reaction are reversible and enamines are readily hydrolysed by water to reform the carbonyl compound. All reactions of enamines must therefore be conducted under anhydrous conditions, but once the reaction has been effected, the modified carbonyl compound is liberated easily from the product by addition of dilute aqueous acid to the reaction mixture. 

A soln. of N-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]succinimide in 9 1 ethanol-water treated portionwise at 0-5 with NaBH4 while 6 N HCl is added dropwise to keep the pH at 8-10, and the product isolated after 4 hrs. -> amidomethylol ether (Y 82%) refluxed 2 hrs. under N2 in benzene with anhydrous p-toluene-sulfonic acid product (Y 73%). F. e. s. J.C. Hubert et al., Synth. Commun. i, 103 (1971). 

Studies of the reaction of benzene with chlorosulfonic acid (one molar equivalent) showed that the major product was benzenesulfonic acid (Equation 21) with a little diphenyl sulfone. When an excess of chlorosulfonic acid was used benzenesulfonyl chloride was obtained (Equation 22). Spryskov and Kuz mina demonstrated the reversibility of Equation 22 and measured the equilibrium constants for several different aromatic substrates. In the benzene-chlorosulfonic acid reaction, the quantity of diphenyl sulfone produced was increased by addition of anhydrous benzenesulfonic acid, but not by benzenesulfonyl chloride. The sulfone therefore apparently derived from reaction of benzenesulfonic acid and benzene under the influence of chlorosulfonic acid. Sulfone formation appeared to be relatively favoured at low temperatures and this may be due to the formation of an intermediate pyrosulfuric acid (Equations 23,24). 

Dehydration of 6,6-Dimethyl-3-hydroxy-3-perfluoroalkyl-2,3,6,7-tetrdhydro-benzofuran-4(5H)-ones (2a-c). A solution of 2a-c (0.4 mmol) and p-toluene sulfonic acid (20 mg) in dry benzene (40 ml) was refluxed for 4 h using a Dean Stark separator to remove the water formed dming the reaction. After cooling to room temperature, a reaction mixture was washed twice with 10 ml water and dried over anhydrous MgS04. Removal of the solvent imder reduced pressure and reciystallization of the residue from diethyl ether/hexane afforded 3-perfluoroalkyl-6,7-dihydrobenzofuran-4(5J/)-ones 4or-c as colorless solids. 

Amino-1-butanol Amisoft CT-12 Amisoft GS-11 Amisoft HS-11P Amisoft LT-12 Ammonium acrylates/acrylonitro-gens copolymer Ammonium dt ecyl-benzene sulfonate Ammonium isostearate Ammonium laureth-12 sulfate Ammonium nonoxynol-4 sulfate Ammonium oleate Ammonium stearate Ammonium tallate AMMONYX 4 AMM-ONYX 4B AMMONYX CETAC AMMONYX CETAC-30 AMMONYX MO AMMONYX SO AMPD-isostearoyl hydrolyzed collagen AMPD-rosin hydrolyzed collagen Amphisol K Amphisol AMP-isostearoyl hydrolyzed soy protein AMP isostearoyl hydrolyzed wheat protein Anhydrous Lanolin Grade 1 Anhydrous Lanolin Grade 2 Anhydrous Lanolin P.80 Anhydrous Lanolin P95 RA Anhydrous Lanolin P95 Anhydrous Lanolin Superfine Animal GMS Animal Stearic Acid Antarox 17-R-2 Antarox 17-R-4 Antarox 25-R-2 Antarox 31-R-1 Apricot kernel oil PEG-... 

Alkylation. Friedel-Crafts alkylation (qv) of benzene with ethylene or propylene to produce ethylbenzene [100-41 -4], CgH10, or isopropylbenzene [98-82-8], C9H12 (cumene) is readily accomplished in the liquid or vapor phase with various catalysts such as BF3 (22), aluminum chloride, or supported polyphosphoric acid. The oldest method of alkylation employs the liquid-phase reaction of benzene with anhydrous aluminum chloride and ethylene (23). Ethylbenzene is produced commercially almost entirely for styrene manufacture. Cumene [98-82-8] is catalytically oxidized to cumene hydroperoxide, which is used to manufacture phenol and acetone. Benzene is also alkylated with C1Q—C20 linear alkenes to produce linear alkyl aromatics. Sulfonation of these compounds produces linear alkane sulfonates (LAS) which are used as biodegradable deteigents. 

For most resorcinol plants, sulfonation/caustic fusion is the common route, however, in Japan Sumitomo Chemicals are operating the world s largest resorcinol plant based on alkylation of benzene with propylene using anhydrous AICI3 as the catalyst. Some companies even today use solid phosphoric acid (SPA) as the catalyst for alkylation. Other downstream processes, i.e., oxidation of diisopropy benzene and its clevage to resorcinol are more or less similar to phenol and cresols processes. 

Anionic surfactants with the general structure RpCONH-X-COONa (e.g., X = -(0112)5-) have been reported in the patent literature. These surfactants are synthesized from the corresponding isopropyl ester and 6-amino-hexanoic acid sodium or ammonium salt (H2N(CH2) 5COOM). Another class of anionic surfactants derived from PFCA derivatives are perfluoroacylbenzenesulfo-nates (Scheme 18.11). This group of surfactants is synthesized by Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzene with a PFCA halide (e.g., perfluorooctanoyl chloride) in the presence of at least one equivalent of a Lewis acid (e.g., anhydrous aluminum chloride). This reaction proceeds smoothly and in good yields at subambient or ambient temperatures. The perfluoroacylbenzene is sulfonated with oleum or sulfur trioxide and neutralized with a base (e.g., sodium hydroxide). 

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