Benzaldehyde benzoic acid

Adogen has been shown to be an excellent phase-transfer catalyst for the per-carbonate oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl compounds [1]. Generally, unsaturated alcohols are oxidized more readily than the saturated alcohols. The reaction is more effective when a catalytic amount of potassium dichromate is also added to the reaction mixture [ 1 ] comparable results have been obtained by the addition of catalytic amounts of pyridinium dichromate [2], The course of the corresponding oxidation of a-substituted benzylic alcohols is controlled by the nature of the a-substituent and the organic solvent. In addition to the expected ketones, cleavage of the a-substituent can occur with the formation of benzaldehyde, benzoic acid and benzoate esters. The cleavage products predominate when acetonitrile is used as the solvent [3]. 

Note The ion series m/z 51, 77, 105 is a reliable indicator for benzoyl substructures, e.g., from benzaldehyde, benzoic acid and its derivatives, acetophenone, benzophenone etc. Different from benzylic compounds, the peaks at m/z 39, 65, and 91 are almost absent. If a peak at m/z 105 and the complete series m/z 39, 51, 65, 77, 91 are present, this strongly points towards the composition [CgHg]", and thus to phenylalkanes. In case of doubt, HR-MS is the method of choice for their differentiation. 

Toluene Benzyl alcohol Benzaldehyde Benzoic acid... 

Phenyl-3-benzylsydnone is cleaved by reaction with oxygen in the dark and gives a mixture of products including benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, and benzyl benzoate <83JOCi444>. Mechanisms have... 

The oxidation of benzaldoxime with perchloryl fluoride (FClOj) has been reported [29 a) to give a complex mixture in which benzaldoxime benzoate and diphenyl oxadiazole are the main products. Sodium nitrohydroxamate [Na2(02NN0)] has been reported [99b) to oxidize benzyl chloride to a mixture of compounds from which benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, 3,4,5-triphenylisoxazole, benzyl-ethyl-ether, phenylnitromethane and diphenyloxadiazole have been isolated. 

In isolated rat hepatocytes obtained from acetone- or phenobarbital-treated rats, the metabolism of toluene at low (below 100 pM) or high (100-500 pM) concentration was increased, in particular after phenobarbital treatment. Ethanol (7 and 60 mM) inhibited the overall metabolism of toluene (sum of benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid and hippuric acid), leading to accumulation of benzyl alcohol (Smith-Kielland Ripel, 1993). 

Benzyl alcohol readily undergoes the reactions characteristic of a primary alcohol, such as esterification and etherification, as well as halide formation. In addition, it undergoes ring substitution. In the presence of acid, polymerization is observed, and the alcohol can be thermally dehydrated to toluene [108-88-3], Catalytic oxidation over copper oxide yields benzaldehyde benzoic acid is obtained by oxidation with chromic acid or potassium permanganate. Catalytic hydrogenation of the ring gives cyclohexylmethanol [100-49-2]. 

Toluene.—According to Renard,1 this compound, by electrolytic oxidation in alcoholic-sulphuric acid, forms benzaldehyde and phenose, C6H6(OH)6( ). According to Puls,2 there are produced in the same electrolyte, using a diaphragm and a platinum anode, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, benzoic ethyl ester, and, as chief product, p-sulphobenzoic acid. Under the same conditions, Merzbacher and Smith3 had obtained a poor yield of benzoic ethyl ester. 

The selective oxidation of toluene has been studied over a number of catalysts based on metal oxides, with the U/Mo oxide system being one of the most achve and selective[50, 51]. The main products in the oxidation of toluene, excluding the non-oxidative coupling products, were benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, maleic anhydride, benzene, benzoquinone, CO and CO2. Under the same reachon condihons toluene may also yield coupling products such as phthalic anhydride, methyldi-phenylmethane, benzophenone, diphenylethanone and anthraquinone, as shown by Zhu and coworkers [51]. A range of different uranium-based oxides were tested [51] and the results obtained are shown in Table 13.4. 

Styrene undergoes many reactions of an unsaturated compound, such as addition, and of an aromatic compound, such as substitution (2,8). It reacts with various oxidizing agents to form styrene oxide, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, and other oxygenated compounds. It reacts with benzene on an acidic catalyst to form diphenylethane. Further dehydrogenation of styrene to phenjdacetjdene is unfavorable even at the high temperature of 600 C, but a concentration of about 50 ppm of phenylacetylene is usually seen in the commercial styrene product. 

Experiments were performed in batch reactors at 21 1°C with a continuous stirring at 300 rpm and some ratio solid/solution fixed at 2.26 g.L for dry pulp and 0.3 g.L for activated carbon. A pre-hydration of 90 min of the pulp was necessary and the pH of the solution was stabilized at 5.5. Equilibrium times were deduced from the kinetics. The mixed metallic solutions had equimolar initial concentrations (8.10 mol.L ). The influence of benzaldehyde, benzoic acid and phenol on the fixation of Cu onto the pulp was conducted using 100 mg.L (expressed in TOC) of organic compounds. The adsorption on the mixture of sorbents of phenol and Cu ions was carried out with 50 mg.L of each components. 

Oxygen plays a very important role in the degradation of polystyrene. The activation energy for the thermal degradation above 350 °C decreases to 90 kJ mol" in the presence of an excess of oxygen [47]. The degradation mechanism involves depropagation. Thermal-oxidative products include benzaldehyde, benzoic acid,... 

Furthermore, it is proposed that the active structures of Co " and Co " in anhydrous acetic acid are represented largely by uncharged sixfold-coordinated complexes such as Co (OAc)2(HOAc)4 and Co" (OAc)3(HOAc)3. An addition of water, substituted benzaldehydes, benzoic acids, or phenols might result in exchange reactions with acetic acid ligands, and influence the catalytic properties analogously to the effects observed upon addition of zirconium(IV) acetate [14w]. Thus, only at high cobalt(II) concentrations catalytically less active dimers will play a relevant role. 

Proof of the structure [xi] was sought and found by the oxidation of phenyldihydrothebaine with alkaline potassium permanganate, which resulted in the production of benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, and 4-methoxyphthalic acid. By exhaustive methylation of the methyl ether the optically active (+)-3 4-dimethoxy-2-(5-methoxy-2-vinylphenyl) stilbene [xn] (prepared by Freund [1], but stated to be optically inactive) was obtained, and permanganate oxidation of this afforded 5 6 5 -trimethoxydiphenaldehyde [xm] (also obtained by the ozonoly-sis of [xn]) and 5 6 5 -trimethoxydiphenic acid [xrv] (also obtained by oxidation of [xm]). This acid was identified with an authentic specimen prepared in stages from 4-acetoxy-3 6-dimethoxyphenanthrene quinone (acetylthebaolquinone [xv]) [6-7, 9-10],... 

Increased imderstanding of the trace chemistry of SMPO allows process modifications to be introduced to reduce by-product formation, or, at least, to allow the effect of such changes to be predicted. For example, "oxygen starvation" has been shown in bench scale EB oxidation experiments to lead to higher selectiv-ities for MPC, MPK, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, and phenol by-products. Higher by-product formation reflects the anaerobic decomposition of EBHP, which reacts with EB solvent to give up to two equivalents of MPC. Higher levels of... 

Monosubstituted benzenes are named as derivatives of benzene or by common names such as toluene, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, phenol, and aniline. 

In this paper, we wish to report on the selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furan-dicarboxaldehyde using vanadium oxide supported on titanium oxide with different vanadium loadings. If we take into account the large differences in the activation energies reported over V2O5 in the oxidation sequence benzyl alcohol --> benzaldehyde (Eg = 26 kJ/mol) and benzaldehyde > benzoic acid (Eg = 55 kJ/mol) [10], those catalytic systems were then expected to stop at the aldehyde stage by working at low temperatui e. 

The relative proportions in which the products, chiefly benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, and anthraquinone, are obtained depends in a large measure on the temperatures to which the reaction mixture of toluene vapor and air is subjected. High temperatures, together with rapid rates of flow as well as high temperatures and mild catalysts, are conducive to bai-zaldehyde formation. With vanadium pentoxide catalysts oxidation of... 

The low value of the raw materials compared to the premium price paid for chloride-free benzaldehyde and benzoic acid makes the commercial utilization of the process attractive despite the difficulties involved. The production of benzoic acid by the direct oxidation of toluene lias not reached the proportions that benzaldehyde has. lthough the production of beuzoic acid directly is feasible with the correct catalysts, small quantities only from this source are being marketed and are obtained as a by-product of the catalytic oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde. Because of the difficulty in the selection of correct catalysts, the oxidation oi toluene to benzoic acid is complicated by the oxidation going too far with resultant loss of raw material or by the formation of gummy condensation products intermixed with the benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, maleic acid and anthra-quinone. These complications have deterred commercial application of the oxidation process in the face of the newer process for forming benzoic acid by the decarboxylation of phthalic anhydride. 

In the vapor phase oxidation of benzene to maleic anhydride an active catalyst is necessary to force oxidation to rupture the ring without leading to complete destruction. Vanadium pentoxide or vanadium compounds such as tin vanadate have been successfully used for this purpose.26 In the oxidation of alkylated benzene compounds to benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, or phthalic anhydride, a milder form of catalyst is effective. The oxidation of naphthalene to naphthaquinone would also require a mild form of catalyst to prevent ring rupture caused by too severe oxidation. However, oxidation to phthalic anhydride may be realized under ordinary conditions by the use of such catalysts as have been found effective in benzene oxidation, i.e., oxides of the metals of the fifth and sixth groups of the periodic system, especially the oxides of vanadium and molybdenum. 

Benzyl chloride 81 o- (13), p-Hydroxybenzyl chloride (87) 19 Benzaldehyde, benzoic acid 21"... 

V anadium pentoxide Asbestos 400 Toluene Benzaldehyde Benzoic acid (44, 45)... 

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