Beige mice

With regard to the response time of the gel, polyelectrolyte gels require seconds to minutes to deform in electric fields. Needless to say, the deformation speed depends on the thickness of the gel and the intensity of the applied field. In 1993, a fast-responsive gel was found by Nanavati and Fernandez. A secretory granule gel particle obtained from beige mice and having a diameter of 3 pm at negative potentials was transparent and swollen within milliseconds of the application of an electric field of 5000 V/cm [19]. 

Disorders similar to CHS in humans have been reported in beige mice, Aleutian mink, Hereford cattle and killer whales, and neutrophil dysfunctions similar to those reported in humans are apparent in these animals. Therapy of CHS in humans usually consists of careful management of infections with appropriate antibiotics, although improvements have been reported following administration of high doses of ascorbic acid. Bone-marrow transplantation offers some hope to these patients, especially those entering the accelerated phase of the disease. 

Holland JM. Serotonin deficiency and prolonged bleeding time in beige mice (39137). Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1976 151 32-39... 

To further impair immune function, the defects described above have also been combined through selective crossbreeding, resulting in beige-nude and SCID-beige mice. These mice lack T and NK cells and T, B and NK cells, respectively. Examples of how these mice have been used are shown in Tables 10.1-6 and 10.1-7. In addition to broad cellular defects described above, a number of other immunodeficient mice created by genetic engineering have been studied. 

TABLE 10.1-7 Examples of the Application of SCID-Beige Mice... 

SCID-beige mice as an Presence of human macrophages McBride et al. 

Clemons KV, Leathers CR, Lee KW. Systemic Coccidioides immitis infection in nude and beige mice. Infect Immun 1985 47 814-821. 

Florido M, Appelberg R, Orme IM, Cooper AM. Evidence for a reduced chemokine response in the lungs of beige mice infected with Mycobacterium avium. Immunology 1997 90 600-606. 

Guimaraes F, Guven H, Donati D, Christensson B, Ljunggren HG, Bejarano MT, Dilber MS. Evaluation of ex vivo expanded human NK cells on antileukemia activity in SCID-beige mice. Leukemia 2006 20 833-839. 

McBride BW, Easterbrook LM, Earrar GH. Human immunodeficiency virus infection of xenografted SCID-beige mice. J Med Virol 1995 47 130-138. 

Percy DH, Auger DC, Croy BA. Signs and lesions of experimental Sendai virus infection in two genetically distinct strains of SCID/beige mice. Vet Pathol 1994 31 67-73. 

Liver cancer 30 primary (2 pre-cancerous) CD133 CD90+ (MACS) SCID/Beige mice Orthotopic CD45 CD90+ more tumorigenic 14... 

Opremcak EM, Cynamcxi M. UveiU enic activity of rifabutin and clarithromycin in theAfy-co6ac/m m related infections. Washington DC, Jan 29—Feb 2 1995,74. 

Kailasam S, Wise DL, Gangadharam PRJ (1994) Bioavailability and chemotherapeutic activity of clofazimine against Mycobacterium avium complex infections in beige mice following a single implant of a biodegradable polymer. J Antimicrob Chemother 33 273-279... 

Stangl S, Wortmann A, Guertler U, Multhoff G (2006) Control of metastasized pancreatic carcinomas in SCID/beige mice with human IL-2/TKD-activated NK cells. J Immunol 176 6270-6276... 

Xing Z, Zganiacz A, Wang J, Sharma SK. Enhanced protection against fetal mycobacterial infection in SCID beige mice by reshaping innate immunity with IFN-y... 

Green M, Rogers D, Russell R Stagg AJ, Bell DL, Eley SM,Titball RW, WUhamson ED. The SCID/Beige mouse as a model to investigate protection against Yersinia pestis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1999 23 107-113. 

Pflumio F, Fonteneau P, Gaveriaux C, Cammisuli S, Loor F. The C57BL/6 nude, beige mouse a model of combined T cell and NK effector cell immunodeficiency. Cell Immunol 1989 20 218-229. 

The difference in time scale, amplitude, and area of the artificial cell current spike is due to the fact that the vesicle is larger and contains more electroactive molecules than those in living cells. However, release from the smallest vesicles measured (approximately 4 pm diameter) is similar in time to events measured from the large vesicles of the beige mouse mast cell which average 700 nm in diameter (81). In Figure 17.1.6C, the relationship between vesicle radius and full width at half maximum (half-width) is shown for experiments with artificial cells. The fit is nearly perfectly cubic, meaning that release kinetics scale linearly with vesicle volume. 

Walters KA, Joyce MA, Thompson JC, Smith MW, Yeh MM, ProU S, Zhu LF, Gao TJ, Kneteman NM, Tyrrell DL, Katze MG. Host-specific response to HCV infection in the chimeric SCID-beige/Alb-uPA mouse model role of the innate antiviral immune response. PLoS Pathogens 2006 2 e59. 

Phagocytosis of M. leprae by BALB7/C mural peritoneal macrophages was inhibited by erbstatin (516 pM) and staurosporine (25 pM), but not by ge-nistein (306 pM) all the protein kinase inhibitors prevented uptake of M. leprae by C57 beige bg/bg mouse macrophages (Prabhakaran et al. 2000). 

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