Behaviour focus

Musa, H.M., Haye, C., Bradley, M.J., Clayson, A., GiUibrand, G., 2013. Measures aimed at reducing plastic carrier bag use a consumer behaviour focused study. Natural Environment 1 (1), 17-23. 

Simonato, M., Manservigi, R., Marconi, P, and Glorioso, J. 2000. Gene transfer into neurones for the molecular analysis of behaviour Focus on herpes simplex vectors. Trends in Neurosciences 23 183-190. 

Our component-oriented approach for analysing failure behaviour focuses on the transitions between modes of a component. Since we introduced a probability property into the failure model, we need a formal mechanism to verify the probabilistic model. Probabilistic model checking [7] is a suitable mechanism to use for verification in this situation. Probabilistic model checkers encode system models using Markov chains in this sense, they encode the probability of making a transition between states instead of simply the existence of a transition. The probabilistic model checking process is an automatic procedure for establishing if a desired property holds in a probabilistic system model. We exploit probabilistic model checking - and, in particular, PRISM - to accomplish three purposes. 

In the previous section, non-equilibrium behaviour was discussed, which is observed for particles with a deep minimum in the particle interactions at contact. In this final section, some examples of equilibrium phase behaviour in concentrated colloidal suspensions will be presented. Here we are concerned with purely repulsive particles (hard or soft spheres), or with particles with attractions of moderate strength and range (colloid-polymer and colloid-colloid mixtures). Although we shall focus mainly on equilibrium aspects, a few comments will be made about the associated kinetics as well [69, 70]. 

We will focus on one experimental study here. Monovoukas and Cast studied polystyrene particles witli a = 61 nm in potassium chloride solutions [86]. They obtained a very good agreement between tlieir observations and tire predicted Yukawa phase diagram (see figure C2.6.9). In order to make tire comparison tliey rescaled the particle charges according to Alexander et al [43] (see also [82]). At high electrolyte concentrations, tire particle interactions tend to hard-sphere behaviour (see section C2.6.4) and tire phase transition shifts to volume fractions around 0.5 [88]. 

At equilibrium, in order to achieve equality of chemical potentials, not only tire colloid but also tire polymer concentrations in tire different phases are different. We focus here on a theory tliat allows for tliis polymer partitioning [99]. Predictions for two polymer/colloid size ratios are shown in figure C2.6.10. A liquid phase is predicted to occur only when tire range of attractions is not too small compared to tire particle size, 5/a > 0.3. Under tliese conditions a phase behaviour is obtained tliat is similar to tliat of simple liquids, such as argon. Because of tire polymer partitioning, however, tliere is a tliree-phase triangle (ratlier tlian a triple point). For smaller polymer (narrower attractions), tire gas-liquid transition becomes metastable witli respect to tire fluid-crystal transition. These predictions were confinned experimentally [100]. The phase boundaries were predicted semi-quantitatively. 

The definition above is a particularly restrictive description of a nanocrystal, and necessarily limits die focus of diis brief review to studies of nanocrystals which are of relevance to chemical physics. Many nanoparticles, particularly oxides, prepared dirough die sol-gel niediod are not included in diis discussion as dieir internal stmcture is amorjihous and hydrated. Neverdieless, diey are important nanoniaterials several textbooks deal widi dieir syndiesis and properties [4, 5]. The material science community has also contributed to die general area of nanocrystals however, for most of dieir applications it is not necessary to prepare fully isolated nanocrystals widi well defined surface chemistry. A good discussion of die goals and progress can be found in references [6, 7, 8 and 9]. Finally, diere is a rich history in gas-phase chemical physics of die study of clusters and size-dependent evaluations of dieir behaviour. This topic is not addressed here, but covered instead in chapter C1.1, Clusters and nanoscale stmctures, in diis same volume. 

In tills chapter we shall examine how such temporal and spatial stmctures arise in far-from-equilibrium chemical systems. We first examine spatially unifonn systems and develop tlie tlieoretical tools needed to analyse tlie behaviour of systems driven far from chemical equilibrium. We focus especially on tlie nature of chemical chaos, its characterization and the mechanisms for its onset. We tlien turn to spatially distributed systems and describe how regular and chaotic chemical patterns can fonn as a result of tlie interjilay between reaction and diffusion. 

David Turnbull, in his illuminating Commentary on the Emergence and Evolution of Materials Science (Turnbull 1983), defined materials science broadly as the characterisation, understanding, and control of the structure of matter at the ultramolecular level and the relating of this structure to properties (mechanical, magnetic, electrical, etc.). That is, it is Ultramolecular Science . In professional and educational practice, however, he says that materials science focuses on the more complex features of behaviour, and especially those aspects controlled by crystal... 

Here we will focus on the biochemical aspects. The techniques of isolating enzymes, the process of enzyme immobilisation and the behaviour of immobilised enzyme reactors are discussed in detail in the BIOTOL text Technological Applications of Biocatalysts", so will not deal with these aspects in detail here. In outline, however, once the desired enzyme is isolated, it is attached to a carrier material. In order to ascertain sufficient accessibility of the enzyme, a bifunctional spacer molecule is attached to the carrier ... 

As in the case of Newtonian fluids, one of the most important practical problems involving non-Newtonian fluids is the calculation of the pressure drop for flow in pipelines. The flow is much more likely to be streamline, or laminar, because non-Newtonian fluids usually have very much higher apparent viscosities than most simple Newtonian fluids. Furthermore, the difference in behaviour is much greater for laminar flow where viscosity plays such an important role than for turbulent flow. Attention will initially be focused on laminar-flow, with particular reference to the flow of power-law and Bingham-plastic fluids. 

Complex partial seizures manifest themselves as bizarre behaviours which are also known as psychomotor or temporal lobe epilepsy, since a lesion (focus) is often found in that brain area. Repetitive and apparently purposeful movements vary from simple hand clenching or rubbing to more bizarre hand movements and walking. These can last a few minutes, often disrupt other ongoing activity or speech and the patient has no subsequent memory of them. Complex seizures may develop from simple ones. 

The present study focuses on the comparison of the behaviour of three catalysts with different performance, viz. Co-, Cu- and Fe-ZSM-5, with emphasis on the kinetics and mechanism of the reaction. 

Many different types of networks have been developed. They all consist of small units, neurons, that are interconnected. The local behaviour of these units determines the overall behaviour of the network. The most common is the multi-layer-feed-forward network (MLF). Recently, other networks such as the Kohonen, radial basis function and ART networks have raised interest in the chemical application area. In this chapter we focus on the MLF networks. The principle of some of the other networks are explained and we also discuss how these networks relate with other algorithms, described elsewhere in this book. 

Substantial differences in the catalytic performance of such complexes were expected, when comparing their behaviour with reported catalytic data employing in situ procedures (1). This study focused on the performance of (6), (7) and the determination the structure of (11). 

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