Conifer sawflies

In addition, the developed reactions are suitable for the design of linear E-isoprenoids with a specified number of C5 moieties (Scheme 24) and can also be used in the synthesis of biologically active compounds, for example, in pheromones of the conifer sawfly, German cockroach, and the confused and red flour beetles [133-136]. 

Spiraea and, 213 spread of, 354 stem (see Stem nematodes) sweet potato and, 220,221 symptoms of, 353-54 timed planting and, 421 on trees, shrubs, and vines, 239 vegetables and, 246 Neodiprion. See Sawflies, conifer Neoplectana (=Steinernema) car-pocapsae, 457 Nicotiana. 153 Nicotine, 478... 

Conifer chemical ecology includes many other herbivores, predators and pathogens, aside from the bark beetles, weevils, sawflies, or budworms, and in these diverse interactions, terpenoid volatile emissions as well as accumulated oleoresin terpenes are likely to play many important roles in signaling and defense. 

Resin acids in conifer are important feeding deterrents for many polyphagous herbivores. However, specialist herbivores of conifer trees are adapted to detoxify diterpenes and other terpenoids of resin or store these substances for defense against their own natural enemies. Pine sawfly larvae are serious defoliators which store diterpene and monoterpene mixtures in special storages connected to foregut. When attacked by predators sawfly larvae discharge a droplet of resin towards the enemy with a rapid backward movement (Fig. 94.4). After smeared with a sticky resin the predator often abandons pursuit of sawfly larvae. 

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