BATCH TESTING

There is a gradual transition from particulate setthug into the zone-settling regime, where the particles are constrained to settle as a mass. The principal characteristic of this zone is that the setthug rate of the mass, as observed in batch tests, will be a function of its solids concentration (for any particular condition of flocculation, particle density, etc.). 

As well as being a good way of measuring the yield strengths of materials like ceramics, as we mentioned above, the hardness test is also a very simple and cheap nondestructive test for (Ty. There is no need to go to the expense of making tensile specimens, and the hardness indenter is so small that it scarcely damages the material. So it can be used for routine batch tests on materials to see if they are up to specification on without damaging them. 

GL 19] ]R 9] [P 20] About 20% (44 of 214) experiments were rejected since their conversions were too low (< 3%) to provide any useful information [64], After other experiments had also been rejected, finally 66% of aU experiments could be used. In a classical mini-batch test, 71% of all tests were employed, using the same reaction and processing conditions. 

The data from these first two batch tests indicated that poly(lignin-g-(l- amidoethylene)) hag properties which make it a potentially effective drilling mud additive. The tests show that poly(lignin-g-(l-amidoethylene)) and its hydrolyzed derivatives act as a high temperature thinner and as a filtrate control agent. The... 

For this study flow (dynamic) and static (batch) tests were carried out on Wilmington oil field unconsolidated sands at reservoir temperatures and flow rates with polyacrylamide (Dow Pusher-500) polymers. Effluent concentration, viscosity, and pH were monitored as a function of time. Extensive characterization studies for the sand were also carried out. 

Static Tests. Static batch tests were carried out in amber colored pyrex bottles cleaned with doubly distilled and deionized water and dried in the oven. Six different samples were prepared for these tests. The significance of each... 

The adsorption plateaus on this solid, determined with each of the surfactants (Table II) and the individual CMC values, were used to calculate the adsorption constants input in the model. Figure 3 compares the total adsorption (sulfonate + NP 30 EO) of the pseudo-binary system investigated as a function of the initial sulfonate fraction of the mixtures under two types of conditions (1) on the powder solid, batch testing with a solid/liquid ratio, S/L = 0.25 g/cc (2) in the porous medium made from the same solid, for which this solid ratio is much higher (S/L = 4.0 g/cc). 

The results can either be directly extrapolated to a large-scale process or reveal relationships which may serve as guidelines in the design of this process. It should be noted that most of these tests are batch tests, but most full-scale processes are continuous. So, the transfer of the results can be difficult due to the time dependence of the degradation. 

Bras R, Ferra MIA, Pinheiro HM, Goncalves IC (2001) Batch test for assessing decolorization of azo dyes by methanogenic and mixed cultures. J Biotechnol 89 155-162... 

The kinetics of the azo-dye conversion plays a fundamental role in the design and operation of bioreactors. Two methodologies can be followed to assess the parameters of reaction kinetics [51, 52] conversion rate estimated at the beginning of batch tests and conversion rate estimated during steady state continuous tests. 

The assessment of reaction kinetics by means of batch tests may be strongly affected by dye adsorption on the biophase and supports. The relevance of the adsorption phenomena of dyes on biophase has been addressed in studies regarding free cells [41], granular support biofilm [24], entrapped cells [11, 18], anaerobic sludge [10,24,31,34] and biological activated carbon (BAC) [42,45,47,48]. They have pointed out that the kinetics may be overestimated if the assessment of the adsorption contribution to the dye removal is not taken into account. Under batch conditions, the dye is fastly split between the liquid phase and the biophase, resulting in a sharp reduction of the dye concentration in the liquid phase until adsorption equilibrium is approached. The rate of dye adsorption must be estimated and ruled out in the kinetic assessment. 

Almost 100 % of the Ni was sorbed on the fresh waste rock after 400 minutes, while Ni retention reaches only 50 % after 1500 minutes on the weathered waste rock. The resulting Ni sorption capacities from these batch tests are 0.34 mg/g for the fresh and 0.19 mg/g for the weathered waste rock. However, the Ni sorption capacity of the fresh waste rock is probably greater, since all the Ni was retained in the batch test and the sorption sites were not fully saturated. 

A batch test on the sedimentation of a slurry containing 200 kg solids/m3 gave the results shown in Figure 5.14 for the position of the interface between slurry and clear liquid as a function of time. 

Batch tests (i. e., tests on individual waste materials) are conducted with the provided solid suspensions (e.g., soils such as Woodburn, Sagehill, and Olyic, as well as two bottom sediment samples) prepared with previously air-dried solids (i. e., soils and bottom sediments), ground to a uniform powdery texture for mixing with the eluates from the 24-h batch leaching test of the different SWMs/COMs. The concentrations of eluates in solution were designed to evaluate the capability of different environmental solids to adsorb available contaminants. The solid particles were fully dispersed with the aqueous phase to achieve complete adsorption. Common practice is to use a solid solution ratio of 1 g 4 ml [ 1 ], together with proper tumbling of the samples at a constant temperature (e.g., at least 24 h in a constant temperature environment of 20°C). 

Table 4 presents the results of a batch test of a soil contaminated by 6.5g/kg dry matter of mineral oil, established to evaluate the feasibility of biosparging as a remediation technology (J. Gemoets, personal communication). Apart from a sterile control, air was added to two other microcosms. In one, additional nutrients were added. Only in the aerated situation, together with the addition of nitrogen and phosphorous, was any degradation observed (32%), and a peak O2 uptake rate of 1.2g/kg/d was... 

Table 4. Batch tests measuring mineral oil biodegradation under biostimulation by air and nutrient supplementation.

The process can be used to immobilize heavy metals such as Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni and Co. Cr(VI) can be reduced by some metal-reducing bacteria to the less toxic and less soluble form Cr(III). Arsenate [As(V)] can be reduced to the more mobile arsenite [As(III)] which precipitates as AS2S3, and is insoluble at low pH. Several laboratory-scale tests (batch and column) are currently available to study the feasibility of this process. However, only a few field tests have been performed to date. Two such tests have been conducted in Belgium, one at a non-ferrous industrial site, where the groundwater was contaminated with Cd, Zn, Ni and Co, and the other which was treated by injection of molasses in order to reduce chromium (VI) to chromium (III). A third demonstration in The Netherlands has been performed at a metal surface treatment site contaminated by Zn. The outcomes of a batch test of a groundwater heavily contaminated by Zn, Cd, Co and Ni are presented in Table 5. The initial sulphate concentration was 506mg/l. With the addition of acetate, a nearly... 

Table 10.4 Batch tests of induced flotation separation results of copper-sulphur ore (Wang et al., 1991a,b,c,d)...

Detection If a small capillary diameter is desired for efficiency purposes, the detection part of the capillary can be adapted for better detection sensitivity. Examples are the bubble cell capillary and the Z-cell. In the bubble cell capillary, the capillary diameter is enlarged at the detection window so that better concentration sensitivity is obtained. If you implement a bubble cell capillary in your pharmaceutical analysis method, it is important to test different batches. Test also whether you need a bubble cell capillary or whether you can gain similar sensitivity increase with a proper injection procedure. Also, check the effect of the bubble cell on band broadening. An approximately three-times sensitivity enhancement is possible. 

Bench-scale batch tests to determine the characteristics of the extraction of copper from sulfuric acid liquors by LIX 64... 

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