Batch calculations

Glass batch calculations can range from very simple to very complex, as a function of the complexity of the composition and the raw materials used to prepare the mixture. Batches containing only oxides in their exact state as expressed by the glass formula, for example, involve very simple calculations, while batches using a number of different minerals, where a glass component may be present in two or more raw materials, require much more complicated calculations. 

All batch calculations follow the same procedure. First, determine the weight fraction of each component required to produce the desired molar composition. Begin by multiplying the mole fraction of each component by the molecular weight of that component. Next, total 

Glass composition 65Ca0-35Al203 Molecular weights of components (in gmof)  

Sodium oxide is not stable in air, so we must use a batch component such as Na2COj, which yields Na O after decomposition. It is necessary to multiply the desired quantity of Na20 by the gravimetric factor for Na2C03 (1.71), to obtain the weight of Na2C03 (35.05 g) to be used to yield the desired 20.5 g of Na20. 

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The interactive studies were followed by a series of batch calculations in which the xenon atom was dragged at a constant rate from the cavity to a location well into the solvent (total distance of approximately 1.8 nm, depending on the starting location of the xenon atom) in fixed time intervals Ixitween 1... 

A solution of NaOH in water is prepared by diluting a concentrated solution in an agitated, jacketed, vessel. The strength of the concentrated solution is 50 per cent w/w and 2500 kg of 5 per cent w/w solution is required per batch. Calculate the heat removed by the cooling water if the solution is to be discharged at a temperature of 25°C. The temperature of the solutions fed to the vessel can be taken to be 25°C. 

The BLOCK DATA subroutine provides information needed for the optimization to labeled COMMON. This includes the number of variables (NV) to be optimized, their initial values (X), their maximum values (XMAX), their minimum values (XMIN), initial increments to use in varying X values (DELTAX) and an indication of how accurate the optimized variables should be (DEIMIN). The parameters NTRACE and MATRIX are output options available from STEPIT. Once STEPIT has been modified for use with CSMP, it can be used without further modification. All information required for an optimization problem is provided by means of the BLOCK DATA subroutine. Although we find this approach satisfactory for batch calculations, individuals with an interactive computer system may wish to modify STEPIT so that this information can be introduced more conveniently. 

The problem in applying this residence time to field operations ties in that these are continuous operations. They will therefore have a distribution el residence times rather than a single time as in a batch calculation. The common assumption that the mean residence time in a vessel is equivalent to the treatment time of a batch test implies an ideal hydraulic behavior which doesn t occur in the field. 

For each batch, calculate the mean x and range R. Sometimes for historical data, only the mean, high, and low values are recorded. 

Fig. 3 illustrates the Na2B407 content of the samples containing about 2.50 wt.% Ca2+ taken from the batch calculator at different stages during isothermal decomposition conducted at various temperatures. The total Na2B4C>7 content of samples increased with increasing calcination tem-... 

Random blocks and Latin Differences between batches, Calculation of effects with... 

For all accepted batches Calculation of precision and accuracy, report all results (even those outside predefined acceptance limits)... 

The batch distillation column in Problem 9.D23 is a 6-inch diameter packed column that is packed with 5/8-inch metal Pall rings. Operate at a vapor flux that is 70% of flooding. Design for conditions at the end of the batch calculated at the bottom of the column. Estimate the viscosity as that of pure water at 100°C (0.26 cP). Find the operating time for the batch distillation with the packed column. 

Crud Chemicals is preparing a batch of glyptal resin by refluxing 2 kmol of glycerin and 3 kmol of phthahc anhydride (see Example 8.2) in toluene. The water of condensation is decanted before returning the toluene to the reactor for the next batch. Calculate the maximum hters of water they can collect before shutting down the reaction. 

Efficient methods of displaying and interacting with molecular models in three dimensions in real time on the computer screen are essential. In our case real time means that for simple manipulations, such as global rotation and translation of molecules, bond rotations, and distance calculations, the response to the user s motion of a joystick or knob must appear instantaneous. More complex operations, such as the calculation of interaction energies while fitting two macromolecules together, may require too much computer time to be monitored in real time. Therefore, as such calculations become more complex, they are usually done as background or batch calculations and the results are viewed later. 

A2.1.1 Typical values of the flash point corrected for baromdiic pressure for some reference materials and their typical limits are given in Table A2.1 (see Note A2.3). Suf liers of CRMs will provide certificates stating the m od-spedfic fiash point for each material of the current production batch. Calculation of the limits for these other CRMs can be determined fix>m the reprodudbility value of this test method, reduced by interlaboratory effect and then multiplied by 0.7 (see Research Report RR S1S-1007). 

For making a glass, we need to make batch calculations. Two examples are given to illustrate the batch calculations for the melt quench technique. 

Then the 100 g of batch calculations for the above series (mentioned in Example 1) would be the same except the Na20 calculations i.e.,... 

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