Basic fire technology

or combustion, is a chemical reaction in which a substance reacts with the oxygen in the air and emits heat and light. It is a particular example of the more general process known as oxidation. 

Sources can be open flame hot surfaces, sparks, arcs, the sun, friction, chemical action or compression of gases. 

Solids - wood, paper, coal, textiles, plastics, etc. but flammability depends on physical state - bulk, finely divided or dust. 

Liquids - petrol, paint, alcohol paraffin, etc. Gases - natural gas, methane, propane, butane, acetylene, etc. 

Approximately 16% required for combustion. Normal air contains 21%. Some substances contain sufficient oxygen to support combustion. 

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In phase 1, the basic computer codes and methods necessary for the design and analyses have been developed or updated, and maximum effort has been spent to establish a self-consistent conceptual design of the system configuration, arrangement and key features to satisfy the design requirements. Efforts have also been made to develop the basic sodium technologies, such as measurement or detection techniques, thermal-hydraulics and sodium fires. 

CCTV technology is used to analyze digital images and identify the characteristics of a fire. CCTV can provide both a control action and display the picture in a staffed control room. The latter has a particular benefit as it allows very rapid incident assessment and also reduces the need for personnel to enter the area to investigate the fire conditions. In general terms, the CCTV flame detection system is comprised of three basic components the camera/detection element, the control panel, and the display computers. 

Inkjet is a non-contact additive process that delivers metered amounts of a variety of fluids at a precise location in time and space. It requires low viscosity liquid phase inks that must successfully be fired through a nozzle. Inkjet has broad appeal due to its seemingly simple nature. Although all inkjet processes share basic features, the ways in which inkjet technology can be configured are endless. For the most part, drop-on-demand printers have been used in inkjet printing of electronics. ... 

A demonstration unit sponsored by the Environemtal Protection Agency (EPA) to produce RDF at St. Louis proved the basic feasibility of mechanical separation processes, transport and storage techniques, and combustion of fluff RDF to replace 5 to 27 percent of the pulverized coal used in suspension-fired utility boilers. However, the refinement of equipment components and the technical and economic optimization of the basic technology still require a great deal of work. 

He became interested in this chemical about 1818 and in the next twelve years worked out the basic technology for production and suggested most of the possible uses as indicated by his study of its properties. Under royal edict, it was used for a time to protect the stages and curtains of theatres from catastrophic disasters by fires current at the time. Kuhlman in France for a period took up the leadership in European development, but von Fuchs in 1855, just before he died in 1856, wrote a full report on his work and suggestions for use of soluble silicates and this was widely read.( )... 

General Finding DII 4. Because of fire and safety problems, the basic process for the Teledyne-Commodore technology was not tested in Demo II. The Army decided against going forward because the Demo II goals could not be met in time. As a result, the committee had no technical basis on which to evaluate the process any further. 

In order to be able to compare the CPB concept with other technologies, a basic design is made for a capture plant treating flue gases typically generated by a 600-MW coal-fired power plant, which is often used as a base case in literature sUidies. The bed dimensions and required process conditions are obtained by carrying out simulations by using the detailed model, which is described in the previous sections. The capital and operation costs are then estimated and the costs per ton of CO2 avoided are calculated. This section ends with a parameter study, in which the influence of several key parameters on the capture costs is evaluated. 

Crude vermiculite ore produces the basic material used in the manufacture of fire protection and industrial insulation products. The process equipment consists of three rotary furnaces for heating and reaction. Torftech Ltd. (UK) replaced these with a single toroidal fluidized bed (Torbed) furnace of 1-m diameter with a capacity of 2 ton/hr. This led to a reduction in overall energy consumption and in vermiculite wastage and maintenance costs. The new process resulted in a payback period of 16 months. Now 11 plants are operational in Europe with this Torbed technology. This technique is also commercialized to produce silica from rice husk and roasting of sulphide ores, etc. 

Basic Tools. Nanoscale materials can be created for specific purposes, but there exists also natural nanoscale material, like smoke from fire. To create nanoscale material and to be able to work with it requires specialized tools and technology. One essential piece of equipment is an electron microscope. Electron microscopy makes use of electrons, rather than light, to view objects. Because these microscopes have to get the electrons moving, and because they need several thousand volts of electricity, they are often quite large. 

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