Sulfonamides Barbiturates

Acute hereditary porphyrias are disorders of heme synthesis in which overproduction of heme precursors is often accompanied by severe clinical manifestations. Most of the time these diseases remain clinically latent and only occasionally result in acute abdominal and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Occurrence of the symptoms often follows exposure to drugs, such as barbiturates, sulfonamides, estrogens and some local anesthetics (Blanloeil et al. 1989). 

One attraction of SHW is that it can be used for reversed-phase separations and is therefore readily applicable to a wide range of pharmaceutical compounds including barbiturates, sulfonamides, analgesics and steroids (Table 18-2), and anticancer drugs, including 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, and... 

Urea derivadves are of general interest in medicinal chemistry. They may be obtained cither from urea itself (barbiturates, sec p. 306) or from amines and isocyanates. The latter are usually prepared from amines and phosgene under evolution of hydrogen chloride. Alkyl isocyanates are highly reactive in nucleophilic addidon reactions. Even amides, e.g. sulfonamides, are nucleophilic enough to produce urea derivatives. 

Most drugs in the pyrimidine series fall into four categories the barbiturates, the sulfonamides, the antimicrobials and the antitumour agents. In addition there are innumerable pyrimidines with diverse biological activities, some of which are in use. 

Each era of medicinal chemistry has been marked by intensive concentration on some structural type in a large number of laboratories. One need only look back in this book to the tables of sulfonamides, barbiturates, and thiazide diuretics, noting the small time span covered by the references to each list. The benzodiazepines have provided such a focus for the past decade. 

Salicylates antagonize probenecid s uricosuric action. Concurrent administration of probenecid increases die effects of acyclovir, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, dap-sone, mediotrexate, NSAIDs, rifampin, and the sulfonamides. 

Phenytoin interacts widi many different drugp. For example isoniazid, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, benzodiazepines, succinimides, and cimetidine all increase phenytoin blood levels. The barbiturates, rifampin, theophylline, and warfarin decrease phenytoin blood levels. When administering the hydantoins with meperidine, die analgesic effect of meperidine is decreased. 

The ZwKKER reaction involving Co salts is frequently used for the detection of barbituric acid derivatives [31-35], but some purine, pyridine and piperidine derivatives and heterocyclic sulfonamides also yield colored derivatives. The Zwkker reaction is particularly sensitive when it is possible to form a tetrahedral complex [Co(Barb)2 Xj] (X = donor ligand, e.g. amine) [4]. 

Superheated water at 100°-240 °C, with its obvious benefits of low cost and low toxicity, was proposed as a solvent for reversed-phase chromatography.59 Hydrophobic compounds such as parabens, sulfonamides, and barbiturates were separated rapidly on poly(styrene-divinyl benzene) and graphitic phases. Elution of simple aromatic compounds with acetonitrile-water heated at 30°-130 °C was studied on coupled colums of zirconia coated with polybutadiene and carbon.60 The retention order on the polybutadiene phase is essentially uncorrelated to that on the carbon phase, so adjusting the temperature of one of the columns allows the resolution of critical pairs of... 

Allopurinol, barbiturates, carbamazepine, cephalosporins, cyclophosphamide, ethambutol, fluconazole, ibuprofen, lamotrigine, macrolides, nitrofurantoin, penicillins, phenytoin, propranolol, quinolones, sulfonamide antimicrobials, sulindac, tetracyclines, thiazides, valproic acid, and vancomycin... 

Allopurinol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, captopril, carbamazepine, erythromycin, fluoroquinolones, isoniazid, NSAIDs, penicillins, phenothiazines, phenytoin, rifampin, sulfonamides antimicrobials, and tetracyclines... 

Amantadine, amiodarone, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, carbamazepine, chlorpromazine, fluoroquinolones, furosemide, NSAIDs, promethazine, psoralens, quinidine, simvastatin, sulfonamide antimicrobials, sulfonylureas, tetracyclines, and thiazides... 

The bioslurry treatment successfully removed several of the PhC to non-detectable levels after 26 days three histamine H2-receptor antagonists (ranitidine, famotidine, cimetidine), two (1-blockers (atenolol, sotalol), one barbiturate (butalbital) and one antidiabetic compound (glibenclamide). The elimination of the sulfonamide antibiotics sulfapyridine (100%), sulfamethazine (91.0%) and... 

Drugs that may affect repaglinide include CYP 450 inhibitors (eg, clarithromycin, erythromycin, ketoconazole, miconazole), CYP 450 inducers (eg, barbiturates, carbamazepine, rifampin), beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, chloramphenicol, corticosteroids, coumarins, estrogens, gemfibrozil, isoniazid, itraconazole, levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol, MAOIs, nicotinic acid, NSAIDs, oral contraceptives, phenothiazines, phenytoin, probenecid, salicylates, simvastatin, sulfonamides, sympathomimetics, thiazides and other diuretics, and thyroid products. 

Drugs that may be affected by probenecid include acyclovir allopurinol barbiturates benzodiazepines clofibrate dapsone dyphylline methotrexate NSAIDs pantothenic acid penicillamine rifampin sulfonamides sulfonylureas zidovudine salicylates. 

Some disease states (e.g., hyperalbuminemia, hy-poalbuminemia, uremia, hyperbilirubinemia) have been associated with changes in plasma protein binding of drugs. For example, in uremic patients the plasma protein binding of certain acidic drugs (e.g., penicillin, sulfonamides, salicylates, and barbiturates) is reduced. 

Certain concomitantly administered drugs may interfere with the effectiveness of the oral contraceptives or lead to an increased incidence of breakthrough bleeding. These include rifampin, isoniazid, ampiciUin, neomycin, penicillin V, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, nitrofurantoin, phenytoin, barbiturates, primidone, analgesics, and phenothiazines. 

The complexation of calcium of the mucosal cells reduces the absorption of certain drugs e.g. the barbiturates and sulfonamides. Presence of EDTA increases the absorption of mannitol. 

Rings which contain an NH group as part of an amide or sulfonamide show the expected acid-base properties. Thus in the thiadiazinedione (53), an analogue of barbituric acid, the 2-NH is considerably more acidic than the 4-NH group (61JOC3461). 

Useful in the formation of fatty acid esters and for N-protected amino acids, sulfonamides, barbiturates... 

Prochlorperazine Edisylate Prochlorperazine edisylate is not compatible with sodium chloride solutions containing methyl hydroxybenzoate and propyl hydroxy-benzoate as preservatives, but is compatible with solutions containing benzyl alcohol. Prochlorperazine edisylate salts are incompatible with a number of drugs such as aminophylline, amphotericin, ampicillin sodium, some barbiturates, ben-zylpenicillin salts, calcium gluconate, cefmetazole sodium, cephalothin sodium, chloramphenicol sodium succinate, chlorothiazide sodium, chloramphenicol, morphine sulfate containing phenol, magnesium trisilicate mixture, sodium succinate, chlorothiazide sodium, dimenhydrinate, heparin sodium, hydrocortisone sodium succinate, midazolam hydrochloride, and some sulfonamides.166... 

For instance, blurring of vision and diplopia are caused by the use of imipramine, iproniazid, chlorpromazine, thioridazine, and promethazine. Impairment of visual acuity is caused by chlorpropamide, tolbutamide, alcohol, chlorpromazine, phenylbutazone, indomethacin, chloroquine, sulfonamides, ethambutol, chloramphenicol, isonex, clioquinol, quinine, streptomycin, and paraaminosalicylate. Yellow vision (xanthopsia) has been traced to the use of sulfonamides, streptomycin, methaqualone, barbiturates, chlorothiazide,... 

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