Bacteroides infection

Mette U, Werner H, Krasemann C, Ungerechts J The effect of antimicrobial agents on human intestinal flora, with particular reference to Bacteroides species. Infection 1980 8(suppl 2) S215-S218. 

Aerobic enteric bacteria and anaerobic bacteria are both pathogens in intraabdominal infection. Aerobic bacteria, particularly E. coli, appear responsible for the early mortality from peritonitis, whereas anaerobic bacteria are major pathogens in abscesses, with Bacteroides fragilis predominating. 

Robertson JG, Lyttleton P, Bullivant S, Grayston GF. Membranes in lupine root nodules. I. The role of Golgi bodies in the biogenesis of infection threads and peri-bacteroid membranes. J Cell Sci 1978 30 129-149. 

Complicated intra-abdominal infections (used in combination with metronidazole) caused by E. coli, viridans group streptococci, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Enterobacter spec es, or Bacteroides fragilis. 

Intra-abdominal Infections - Enterococcus faecalis, S. aureus (penicillinase-producing), Staphylococcus epidermidis, E. coli, Klebsiella sp., Enterobacter sp., Proteus sp., M. morganii, P. aeruginosa, Citrobactersp., Clostridium sp., Bacteroides sp. including Bacteroides fragilis, Fusobacterium sp. Peptococcus sp., Peptostreptococcus sp., Eubacterium sp., Proplonibacterium sp.. Bifidobacterium sp. 

Compiicated intra-abdominai infections Caused by Escherichia coii, Ciostridium ciostridioforme, Eubacterium ientum, Peptostreptococcus sp., Bacteroides fragiiis, B. distasonis, B. ovatus, B. thetaiotaomicron, or B. uniformis. 

More severe infections - More severe infections, particularly those caused by Bacteroides fragilis, Peptococcus sp. or Clostridium sp. other than C. perfringens. 1.2 to 2.7 g/day in 2 to 4 equal doses. 

Anaerobic infections Treaimeni of serious infections caused by susceptible anaerobic bacteria. Effective in Bacteroides fragilis infections resistant to clindamycin, chloramphenicol, and penicillin. 

Skin and skin structure infections - Caused by Bacteroides sp. including the B. fragilis group, Clostridium sp., Peptococcus sp., Peptostreptococcus niger, and Fusobacterium sp. 

Lower respiratory tract infections - Pneumonia, empyema, and lung abscess caused by Bacteroides sp. including the 6. fragilis group. 

It is a penicillinase susceptible and is principally indicated for serious infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is effective against certain other gram negative bacilli including Proteus species and Bacteroides fragilis. 

It is used in the treatment of severe anaerobic infections caused by bacteroides and other anaerobes. It is also used in combination with aminoglycoside in the treatment of abdomen and GIT wounds, infections of female genital tract, pelvic abscesses, aspiration pneumonia and septic abortion. It is also used for prophylaxis of endocarditis. It is also used along with primaquine in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients and with pyrimethamine for toxoplasmosis. 

It is a nitroimidazole. It has a broad spectrum of protozoal and antimicrobial activity. It shows antibacterial action against all anaerobic cocci, anaerobic gram negative bacilli including bacteroides species and anaerobic spore forming gram positive bacilli. It is very effective in infections due to Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Trichomoniasis. It also causes radio-sensitization. 

Cefotetan, cefoxitin Intravenous, second-generation drugs, activity versus Bacteroides fragilis allows for use in abdominal/pelvic infections... 

Clindamycin is indicated for the treatment of skin and soft-tissue infections caused by streptococci and staphylococci. It is often active against community-acquired strains of methicillin-resistant S aureus, an increasingly common cause of skin and soft tissue infections. Clindamycin is also indicated for treatment of anaerobic infection caused by bacteroides and other anaerobes that often participate in mixed infections. Clindamycin, sometimes in combination with an aminoglycoside or cephalosporin, is used to treat penetrating wounds of the abdomen and the gut infections originating in the female genital tract, eg, septic abortion and pelvic abscesses and aspiration pneumonia. Clindamycin is now recommended rather than erythromycin for prophylaxis of endocarditis in patients with valvular heart disease who are undergoing certain dental procedures. Clindamycin plus primaquine is an effective alternative to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for moderate to moderately severe Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in AIDS patients. It is also used in combination with pyrimethamine for AIDS-related toxoplasmosis of the brain. 

Other synergistic antimicrobial combinations have been shown to be more effective than monotherapy with individual components. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole has been successfully used for the treatment of bacterial infections and Pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii) pneumonia. 3-Lactamase inhibitors restore the activity of intrinsically active but hydrolyzable 3-lactams against organisms such as S aureus and Bacteroides fragilis. Three major mechanisms of antimicrobial synergism have been established ... 

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