Bacterial infections prostatitis

The exact mechanism of bacterial infection of the prostate is not well understood. The possible routes of infection include ascending infection of the urethra, reflux of infected urine into prostatic ducts, invasion by rectal bacteria through direct extension or lymphatic spread, and by hematogenous spread. 

Two patients aged 38 and 54 years with hemodialysis-dependent end-stage renal insufficiency developed severe bacterial infections, osteomyelitis, and prostatitis, within 3 months of interferon alfa-2b treatment for hepatitis C virus infection (381). 

Infections of the urinary tract represent a wide variety of syndromes, including urethritis, cystitis, prostatitis, and pyelonephritis. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most commonly occurring bacterial infections and account for 8 rtulhon patient visits annually. Approximately one in three females wiU have had a urinary tract infection hy age 24." Infections in men occur much less frequently until the age of 65, at which point the incidence rates in men and women are similar. 

Histological examinations of rats exposed to 1.5 mg/kg/day for 1-2 years in the feed revealed inflammation and pus in the prostate (Army 1983a). The observed toxicity in RDX treated rats may have been due to bacterial infection of the urinary tract, possibly secondary to a diminished ability of the prostate to respond to normal bacterial flora. This is plausible because bladder distention and cystitis were also noted. The pathology reports of this study state that a no-effect level from RDX... 

Fluoroquinolones are used to treat bacterial infections. These drugs are prescribed for the treatment of bone and joint, skin, ear, urinary tract infections, inflammation of the prostate and serious diseases such as bronchitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and infections affecting people with AIDS. ... 

An important characteristic of microbial biofilms is their innate resistance to immune system and antibiotic killing (89, 90). This has made microbial biofilms a common and difficult-to-treat cause of medical infections (87,91,92). It has recently been estimated that over 60% of the bacterial infections currently treated in hospitals are caused by bacterial biofilms (91). Several ehronic infections (e.g. respiratory infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the cystic fibrosis lung. Staphylococcal lesions in endocarditis, and bacterial prostatitis, primarily caused by Escherichia coli) have been shown to be mediated by biofilms (93). More notably, biofilms (particularly of Staphylococcus aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli) are also a major cause of infections associated with medical implants (94, 95). The number of implant-associated infections approaches 1 million per year in the United States alone, and their direct medical costs exceed 3 billion annually (96). Thus, there is an urgent need to find novel approaches to eradicate biofilms. 

Commercial drug products containing fine-particle active agents for intramuscular, intrasynovial, or intralesional administration are relatively common. These include products for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory conditions (methypred-nisolone acetate), bacterial infections (inipenem), acromegaly (octreotide acetate), endometriosis (leuprolide acetate), prostate cancer (triptorelin pamoate), and schizophrenia (risperidone). In some cases, these products are intended to provide therapeutic blood levels of the active agent for extended periods of time (the depot effect). Fine particles that are injected other than intravenously are not subject to the same particle size constraints as those that are injected directly into the bloodstream. 

Biological Applications Detecting nucleic acids, prostate cancer treating amyloidosis disorders, bacterial infection ... 

The antibacterial spectrum of trimethoprim is similar to that of sulfamethoxazole (see p. 290) however, trimethoprim is 20 to 50 times more potent than the sulfonamide. Trimethoprim may be used alone in acute urinary tract infections and in the treatment of bacterial prostatitis (though fluoroquinolones are preferred). 

The remaining 20% of recurrent UTIs are relapses, i.e., persistence of infection with the same organism after therapy for an isolated UTI. The recurrence of symptomatic or asymptomatic bac-teriuria after therapy usually indicates that the patient has renal involvement, a structural abnormality of the urinary tract, or chronic bacterial prostatitis. In the absence of structural abnormalities, relapse often is related to renal infection and requires a long duration of treatment. Women who relapse after short-course therapy should receive a 2-week course of therapy. In patients who relapse after 2 weeks of therapy, therapy should be continued for another 2 to 4 weeks. If relapse occurs after 6 weeks of therapy, urologic evaluation should be performed, and any obstructive lesion should be corrected. If this is not possible, therapy for 6 months or longer may be considered. Asymptomatic adults who have no evidence of urinary obstruction should not receive long-term therapy. 

Acute bacterial prostatitis presents as other acute infections (Table 114—6). Massage of the prostate will express a purulent discharge that will readily grow the pathogenic organism. Prostatic massage is contraindicated in acute bacterial prostatitis, however, because of the... 

Chronic bacterial prostatitis often presents a more vexing situation because cures are obtained rarely. In the past, it was recognized that despite high serum concentrations of antibacterial drugs in excess of the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the infecting or-... 

Bacterial prostatitis—An inflammation of the prostate gland and surrounding tissue as a result of infection. 

Many recent publications have provided proof of the suitability of the ProteinChip System in the discovery and validation of new biomarkers for a wide range of diseases. This is true for ovarian [47], prostatic [48], pancreatic [49] and head and neck [50] cancer, as well as for a large number of other tumorous diseases [7]. Similarly, successful studies have been reported for Alzheimer s disease [51], viral [52], bacterial [53], and parasitic [54] infections. The same applies to investigations about possible new markers to monitor the effect of drug treatment [55-57], and also to predict transplant rejections [58, 59]. The ProteinChip System is currently used by more... 

Urinary tract infections, bacterial prostatitis, bacterial diarrhea, gonorrhea... 

Carbenicillin is an extended-spectrum penicillin, that inhibits mucopeptide synthesis in bacterial cell wall. It is indicated in the treatment of acute and chronic infections of the upper and lower urinary tract, prostatitis, and asymptomatic bacteriuria caused by susceptible microorganisms. 

Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that interferes with microbial DNA synthesis. It is indicated in the treatment of infections of the lower respiratory tract, skin and skin structure, bones and joints, urinary tract gonorrhea, chancroid, and infectious diarrhea caused by susceptible strains of specific organisms typhoid fever uncomplicated cervical and urethral gonorrhea women with acute uncomplicated cystitis acute sinusitis nosocomial pneumonia chronic bacterial prostatitis complicated intra-abdominal infections reduction of incidence or progression of inhalational anthrax following exposure to aerosolized Bacillus anthracis. Cipro IV Used for empirical therapy for febrile neutropenic patients. 

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