Bacteria measurement

Some bacteria measure as large as 80 p in length others as small as 0.2 ix. However, the majority of the commonly encountered bacteria, including the disease producers, measure about 0.5 n in diameter for the spherical cells and 0.5 by 2 to 3 p for the rod forms. Bacteria producing spores are generally larger than the nonspore-producing species. The sizes of some common species in dried and stained smears are as follows Escherichia coli, 0.5 by 1 to 3... 

Zhao X, Drlica K. Restricting the selection of antibiotic-resistant mutant bacteria measurement and potential use of the mutant selection window./. Infect. Dis., 2002, 185, 561-565. 

FIG. 12 The contact angles of sessile drops of water on layers of different bacteria measured using ADSA-D. The horizontal axis represents that time after formation of the layer at which drops were deposited. The mean contact angles ( 95% confidence limits) are ( ) 20.6 0.9 (Staphylococcus epidermidis) (O) 16.9 0.9 (Thiohacil-lus thiooxidans) ( ) 11.7 1.0 (T. ferrooxidans strain 23270) and (O) 10.5 0.9 (T. ferrooxidans strain 19859). 

S. pneumoniae systemic model for encapsulated bacteria measure T-independent antibody response (LIAR)... 

Pew (26) found digestibility of hardwoods by cellulases improved markedly by pretreatment with aqueous NaOH the effect was considerably more pronounced with hardwoods than with softwoods. Stranks (35) reported that the in vitro rate of digestion of hardwoods by rumen-inhabiting bacteria, measured by succinic acid production, was markedly increased by pretreatment with 1-5% NaOH, whereas softwoods were unaffected by the treatment. The effect of NaOH in improving the digestibility of straw has long been known (5). 

Frank, H. A. (1985). Histamine-forming bacteria in tuna and other marine fish. In Histamine in Marine Products Production of Bacteria, Measurement and Prediction of Formation (B. S. Pan, and D. James, Eds.), pp. 2-3. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 252. 

Helicobacter pylori are noninvasive, non-spore forming, and spiral-shaped Gramnegative rod bacteria measuring approximately 3.5x0.5pm. The main source of human/f. 

In parallel, count the number of colonies on each titration plate to determine the size of the fibrary. Size = average of (dilution factor-X number of colonies) x 10 (to have per mL, because we plated 100 pL) X total volume of bacteria (measured in step 9). 

Concentration in revivable bacteria measured in a liquid medium (soybean tryptone diluted to 1/10) at 37 C for 7 days (or 20 C). 

Polymer front breakdown by fingering Polymer adsorption/ retention in porous media. Polymer degradation Thief zones Loss of mobiiity control and flood front Natural synthetic tracers. Polymer concentration in production water. Oil/water rates Multi-place measurement of viscosity and polymer concentration. Backflow tests. O2, Feand bacteria measurements On-site polymer viscosity tests before and after. Use of tracer and better defined geology. Wells inteqritv... 

Another indirect test measures the bacterial population density by determination of the enzyme adenosphine phosphor sulfate reductase, present in the bacteria. Measurement of this enzyme is again by color intensity, but uses a color interpretation card. The approximate population density can be determined with a detection threshold of 103 sulfate reducing bacteria per ml of liquid sample. Test results can be available within 15 minutes of sampling and show reasonable correlation with those from serial dilution tests. 

Other appHcations of firefly hioluminescence include measurement of the activity of bacteria in secondary sewage treatment activated sludge (296,297), detection of bacteria in clean rooms and operating rooms, measurement of bacteria in bottled foods, beverages (298), and pharmaceuticals (299), determination of the antimicrobial activity of potential dmgs (300), determination of the viabiHty of seeds (301), and measuring marine biomass concentrations as a function of ocean depth or geographical location (302). 

Luminol chemiluminescence has also been recommended for measuring bacteria populations (304,305). The luminol—hydrogen peroxide reaction is catalyzed by the iron porphyrins contained in bacteria, and the light intensity is proportional to the bacterial concentration. The method is rapid, especially compared to the two-day period required by the microbiological plate-count method, and it correlates weU with the latter when used to determine bacteria... 

The agar [9002-18-0] plate method consists of adding a known quantity of sample, usually 1.0 or 0.1 mL, depending on the concentration of bacteria, to a sterile petti plate and then mixing the sample with a sterile nutrient medium. After the agar medium solidifies, the petti plate is incubated at 32°C for 48 hours after which the bacterial colonies are counted and the number expressed ia terms of a 1 mL or 1 g sample. This procedure measures the number of viable organisms present and able to grow under test conditions, ie, 32°C. 

Cathodic protection with impressed current, aluminum or magnesium anodes does not lead to any promotion of germs in the water. There is also no multiplication of bacteria and fungi in the anode slime [32,33]. Unhygienic contamination of the water only arises if anaerobic conditions develop in the slurry deposits, giving rise to bacterial reduction of sulfate. If this is the case, HjS can be detected by smell in amounts which cannot be detected analytically or by taste. Remedial measures are dealt with in Section 20.4.2. 

Heterotrophic plate count n/a TT3 HPC has no health effects, but can indicate how effective treatment is at controlling microorganisms. HPC measures a range of bacteria that are naturally present in the environment... 

Turbidity n/a Tt3 Turbidity, a measure of water cloudiness, is used to indicate water quality and filtration effectiveness (e.g., whether disease-causing organisms are present). Higher turbidity is associated with higher levels of microorganisms such as viruses, parasites and some bacteria. These organisms can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and associated headaches. Soil runoff... 

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