Bacteria epithelial cells

IFNs are natural glycoproteins produced by the cells of most vertebrates in response to the challenge by foreign agents, such as infectious organisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites), and by tumor cells. IFNs can be produced by cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems and by non-immune cells such as fibroblasts and epithelial cells. 

An alteration in the inflammatory response regulated by intestinal epithelial cells may also contribute to development of IBD. This may involve inappropriate processing of antigens presented to the GI epithelial cells.3 The inflammatory response in IBD may actually be directed at bacteria that normally colonize... 

The first is glycosaminoglycan, a compound produced by the body that coats the epithelial cells of the bladder. This compound essentially separates the bladder from the urine by forming a protective layer against bacterial adhesion.14 A second compound known as Tamm-Horsfall protein is secreted into the urine, and prevents E. coli from binding to receptors present on the surface of the bladder. Other factors implicated in contributing to host defense mechanisms include immunoglobulins, specifically IgA, and lactobacilli, bacteria that are part of the normal vaginal flora.13,15... 

Clue cells Vaginal epithelial cells that, when coated with bacteria, appear with fuzzy, irregular borders under microscopic examination. 

The critical first step in the acquisition of acute bacterial meningitis is nasopharyngeal colonization of the host by the bacterial pathogen. The bacteria first attach themselves to nasopharyngeal epithelial cells and are then phagocytized into the host s bloodstream. 

An important virulence factor of bacteria is their ability to adhere to urinary epithelial cells by fimbriae, resulting in colonization of the urinary tract, bladder infections, and pyelonephritis. Other virulence factors include hemolysin, a cytotoxic protein produced by bacteria that lyses a wide range of cells... 

Defensins HD 1-6 HBD 1 and 2 Neutrophils (HD1-4) epithelial cells (HBD 1 and 2) macrophages Bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, and some viruses Cidal activity and chemotaxis Upregulated in the lungs of smokers [36]... 

Until recently, epithelial cells were considered to function solely as the ciliated barrier lining in the airways and as conduits for gas exchange at the air/blood interphase. As techniques have improved to isolate and culture these cells and measure their gene products, it has become clear that they have a key role in lung defense and repair. Epithelial cells secrete a number of anti-microbial compounds and immunoregulatory cytokines [52], and are also capable of ingesting and killing bacteria [53],... 

The typical symptoms begin with the sudden onset of nausea and vomiting and profuse diarrhea without abdominal cramps. The stools produced are characteristically ricewater -like and contain mucus, epithelial cells, and ibrio cholerae bacteria. The dehydration resulting from rapid loss of fluid and electrolytes leads to circulatory collapse and kidney shutdown. Mortality rate without treatment can be as high as 50%.3... 

Enteric bacterial pathogens must maneuver through a lengthy stretch of hazardous terrain before they reach their intended target or infection site within a host. Initially, they must tolerate salivary enzymes having various hydrolytic activities in the mouth, followed by exposure to shedded epithelial cells in the esophagus that may prevent local bacterial adherence (Pearson and Brownlee, 2005). In the stomach, bacteria must endure another severe environment created by the secretion of digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid (up to 0.1 M concentration and a pH as low as 1.0). Once bacteria reach the intestines, they then encoimter mechanical. 

Particulates can either cross into the lymphatics at the spaces in the tracheobronchial wall where epithelial cells directly overlay lymphoid tissue or pass through the endothelium of thin capillary walls in the air spaces. The transfer is a portion of a clearance mechanism that assists the lung in maintaining its normal function of gas exchange. Absorbtion and transport mechanisms of a variety of materials that enter the lymphatics continue to be studied. It was shown early in this century that water, dyes, proteins, bacteria, lipids, and particulates enter the lymphatic system relatively easily. The rates of transport and quantity vary with the size and chemistry of the material. Classic studies by Kihara (1924 1950) and Nishikawa (1941) dem-... 

Methyl chloride was mutagenic to bacteria and induced chromosomal aberrations in plants. It induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in cultured rat hepatocytes and, in rats exposed in vivo, there was a small increase in unscheduled DNA synthesis in hepatocytes but not in tracheal epithelial cells or spermatocytes. DNA strand breaks were induced by methyl chloride in the kidney cells of exposed mice. In cultured mammalian cells, it induced mutations and sister chromatid exchanges and enhanced viral cell transformation. It induced dominant lethal effects in rats. The last effect appears to be due to a failure of the males to fertilize the females, rather than to preimplantation embryonic death and can be partially inhibited by treatment with an anti-inflammatory agent (Chellman et al., 1986c). 

Normally, epithelial cells that line the inner surface of the lungs secrete a substance that traps and kills bacteria, and the cilia on the epithelial cells constantly sweep away the resulting debris. When CFTR is defective or missing, this process is less efficient, and frequent infections by bacteria such as S. aureus and P. aeruginosa progressively damage the lungs and reduce respiratory efficiency. 

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