Bacillus thuringiensis toxins resistance

Gould, F., Anderson, A., Jones, A., Sumerford, D., Heckel, D.G., Lopez, J., Micinski, S., Leonard, R., and Laster, M., Initial frequency of alleles for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in field populations of Heliothis virescens, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 3519,1997. 

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Wilson, W.D., Lfint, H.M., Deaton, R.W., Fischhoff, D.A., Perlak, F.J., Armstrong, T.A., Fuchs, R.L., Parks, N.J. and Stapp, B.R. (1992). Resistance of cotton lines containing a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin to pink boUworm (Lepi-doptera Gelechiidae) and other insects. J. Econom. Entomol. 85,1516-1521. 

Fmtos, R., Rang, C. and Royer, M. (1999). Managing insect resistance to plants prodneing Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 19, 227-276. 

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Bourguet, D. 2004. Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in the European corn borer what chance for Bt maize Physiol. Entomol. 29 251-256. 

De Maagd R A, Bosch D, Stiekema W (1999) Bacillus thuringiensis toxin-mediated insect resistance in plants. Science 4 9-13... 

However, the intent of this section is not to address gene transfer or other issues unique to specific plants that have been transformed to express these toxins. Such information is outside the scope of this section. It is intended that this section should be used in conjunction with specific plant species biology consensus documents when a biosafety assessment is made of plants with Bacillus thuringiensis 5-endotoxin-mediated insect protection. It was also agreed that this section would not address the issue of insect resistance management, designed to prevent or delay the onset of resistance to specific 5-endotoxins in insects exposed to these transgenic crops. 

Jurat-Fuentes, J.L., F.L. Gould, and M.J. Adang. 2000. High levels of resistance and cross-resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cryl toxins in Heliothis virescens are due to reduced toxin binding and pore formation. Resist.Pest Manag. Newslett. 11 23-24. 

Liu, Y.B., B.E. Tahashnik, W.J. Moar, and R.A. Smith. 1998. Synergism between Bacillus thuringiensis spores and toxins against resistant and susceptible diamonback moths Putella xylostella). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64 1385-1389. 

Greenplate, J.T., J.W. Mullins, S.R. Penn, A. Dahm, B.J. Reich, J.A. Osborn, P.R. Rahn, L. Ruschke, and Z.W. Shappley. 2003. Partial characterization of cotton plants expressing two toxin proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis. relative toxin contribution, toxin interaction, and resistance management. J. Appl. Entomol. 127 340-347. 

Marroquin L D, Elayassnia D, Griffitts J S et al. (2000) Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin susceptibility and isolation of resistance mutants in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 155 1693-1699... 

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