Bacillus anthracis bacteria

Bacillus anthracis Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus anthracis bacteria... 

The development of compact, field-deployable sensors is highly desirable for prompt, on-site detection of active Bacillus anthracis bacteria, which would eliminate the need to send samples for diagnosis to a remote laboratory As a first step toward this goal, we describe the development of an OLED-based... 

A Soviet-made, live attenuated (non-encapsulated) strain of anthrax, administered in 1943, is probably the first recorded anthrax vaccine made for humans. At about the same time, one of the first orders of business in the United States biological warfare program was also the development of anthrax vaccine. In one of the first efforts, 205 personnel were administered a vaccine made of killed Bacillus anthracis bacteria (the causative agent of anthrax) vaccine. After several months of study, however, it became clear that this vaccine showed little efficacy and was discontinued. 

Studies on S-layers present on the cell envelopes of a great variety of pathogenic organisms [100] revealed that these crystalhne arrays can represent important virulence factors. Most detailed studies have been performed on the fish pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas salmonicida and Aeromonas hydrophila [102] and the human pathogen Campylobacter fetus uh p. fetus [103] and Bacillus anthracis [104]. For example, whole-cell preparations or partially purified cell products are currently used as attenuated vaccines against various fish pathogens [102,105]. 

Pure Ti02 was recently reported to be active in the disinfection of water contaminated by spores of the type Fusarium solani [142], Bacillus anthracis [143], or Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts [144], or when supported as nanocomposites on zeolite H(i for E. coli deactivation [145], and it found applications in water treatment as a replacement for chlorine. Ag-Ti02 immobilized systems were used for inactivation of bacteria, coupling the visible light response of the system and the strong bactericidal effect of Ag [146]. Silver was deposited on hydroxyapatite to form nanocomposites with a high capacity for bacterial adsorption and inactivation [147], or used for airborne bacterial remediation in indoor air [148],... 

The anthrax bioterrorist attacks that followed the events of September 11th 2001 resulted in a renewed interest BadUus anthracis, the causative agent of this disease. Research has focused on the development of better vaccines than the one currently available. It has been estimated that the aerosolized release of 100 kg of anthrax spores upwind of Washington DC would cause mortalities of 130,000-3,000,000 [63]. Nonetheless, wild-type Bacillus anthracis is susceptible to conventional antibiotics, including penicillin, oxyfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. The problem lies not with the bacterial infection itself, but with three proteins released by the bacteria - protective antigen (PA, 83 kDa), lethal factor (LF, 90 kDa) and edema factor (EF, 89 kDa) -known as anthrax toxins [63]. 

Some bacteria produce effects similar to those of cholera toxin in different ways. For example, among a variety of toxic proteins produced by Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, is an adenylate cyclase that is able to enter the host s cells.s Similarly, B. pertussis, in addition to... 

The basis of phenotypic discrimination of closely related species via Raman spectroscopy lies in its sensitivity to the intracellular molecular components including extrachromosomally encoded phenotypes, such as the Bacillus anthracis or B. thuringiensis toxins or polyglutamic acid capsules. Other prominent examples are cell storage materials like the polyhydroxy butyric acid (PHB), carotenoid-based pigments like sarcinaxanthin, hemoproteins like cytochrome or calcium dipicolinate (CaDPA). Raman spectra of single bacteria, in which the latter four intracellular substances occur, are shown in... 

Read, T.D. et al. 2003. The genome sequence of Bacillus anthracis Ames and comparison to closely related bacteria. Nature 423, 81-86. 

Most of the work on Mn catalases has focused on the enzymes isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum and Thermus thermophilus. However, numerous putative Mn catalases have been identified from sequence comparisons. Most of these are from stress-tolerant bacteria (heat, salt, pH, etc.) consistent with the suggestion (above) that Mn proteins may be important in stress response. Intrigumgly, at least three putative Mn catalases are found in pathogenic organisms E. coli 0157 H7, Salmonella typhimurium, and Bacillus anthracis. 

Smith, H., Keppie, J., Stanley, J.L. (1953). The chemical basis of the virulence of Bacillus anthracis. I Properties of bacteria grown in vivo and preparation of extracts. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 34 477-85. 

The cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria, including the pathogens S. aureus. Bacillus anthracis. Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis contain thick layers of peptidoglycan. The peptidoglycan layers serve as both a protective barrier and as a scaffold for the attachment of secondary cell wall polymers and surface proteins. Surface proteins include hydrolytic enzymes involved in peptidoglycan turnover, as well as structures such as pili... 

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